The Geographical Journal 1908-04: Vol 31 Iss 4

The
Geographical Journal.

No. APRIL, 1908.

MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION THE HIMALAYA

probably from the snowy ranges Garhwal that the words
and Himalaya take their origin, for this region which
connected with the most ancient traditions the Indo-Aryan race.
the earliest annals Hinduism learn that these mountains
have been regarded the greatest sanctity, and even the present
time more merit obtained the long and toilsome journey into
the heart this Abode Snow” than any other the thousands
places pilgrimage scattered through the length and breadth
India, with the possible exception the sacred sites just across the border
Hundes. According the Mahabharata, was Bageswar, the
Kumaon foothills, that Siva was married the Mountain-
born” daughter Himachal. her its highest summit takes the
name Nanda Devi, while the triple peak Trisul the
Siva himself. Buddha’s time formed part the great kingdom
Kosala, which was afterwards absorbed into Asoka’s empire,
written the Stone” Kalsi Lower Garhwal, the most
perfect example extant that emperor’s rock-cut edicts. The pious
records visit its shrines. thousand years ago
Sankarachariya suppressed Buddhism and restored the older
manical religion, placing priests his own Namburi clan from distant
Malabar Kedarnath and the present day the
these two shrines are drawn from the same locality. Almost every
natural feature the country connected with some event ancient

Read the Royal 27, 1908. Map, 472.

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362 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

mythical times. Thus, apart from other reasons geographical
position, not surprising find that the great peaks are known
distinctive and widely recognized names ancient origin, condition
things means universal other mountain regions. This region,
too, far more “alpine” character than the icy solitudes the
Karakoram and Baltistan, and contains rich and interesting flora and
fauna.

The snowy ranges British containing some forty trian-
gulated peaks over 20,000 feet, are roughly divisible into three
groups. The first, representing axis elevation considerably the
south the present water-parting, centres round the twin peaks
Nanda Devi, 25,660 and 24,379 feet—strictly speaking, the highest
mountain within the British Empire. This group most complicated
and irregular structure, but may briefly described being bounded
the west and north-west the valleys Alaknanda and Dhaoli
rivers; the north the valley the Girthi and the Milam peaks
the east the Milam valley and the south the Pindar. Thus
will seen that considerable portions the eastern and southern
slopes lie Kumaon. The second group, prolongation the same
axis elevation, fills the angle formed the valleys the Alaknanda
and the Dhaoli. Its highest peak, Kamet, 25,450 feet, situated mile
the south the Tibetan frontier, which country its northern
slopes lie, the main axis elevation thus articulating with the present
water-parting, though must not forgotten that the streams rising
from the Tibetan slopes flow into the Sutlej, and thus eventually reach
India. that corner British territory the east the Kamet
group, and the north the Nanda Devi group, lies lofty but far less
snowy area, whose physical and geological character approximates
that the adjacent portions Hundes. The third group really belongs
Tehri-Garhwal, and centres the peaks around Gangotri; but the
glaciers its eastern slopes discharge their waters into the valley the
Alaknanda. latter have never, far can ascertain, been
examined Europeans, though the glaciers Gangotri are fairly well
known.

These steep-sided river valleys supply number natural routes
means which relatively easy penetrate into and beyond the
barrier the snows, thus Garhwal has for many years been annually
visited British sportsmen, addition the thousands
from every part India who have for generations performed the sacred
pilgrimage, and the Bhotias who trade over into the Tibetan territory
Hundes. Yet such the inaccessibility some the lateral gorges,
that many places the glacier regions still remain untouched. The
sportsman has object climbing above the snow-line, and only
very exceptional cases that the native can induced doso. Thus
when they came the snow-line, the officers the Survey India had

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL.

363

problem the greatest difficulty before them, which was further
complicated climatic conditions limiting their season few
months the outside. have nothing but admiration for their work,
and especially for that Mr. Ryall, Assistant-Superintendent
G.T.S., who carried out the Kumaon-Garhwal survey during the
years 1874 1877. not surprising that there are errors the
delineation the glacier regions, but surprising that men who had
training what mountaineers call snow-craft should have gone
where they have gone, made such good maps those parts
the country which neither they nor the natives could gain personal
access. And evident that they did not shirk difficulties, for
casually mentioned the Survey Report for 1874-75 that Mr.
Pocock reached height 22,040 feet from the Mana valley, though
there record the actual spot reached.

the first half last century Traill and the Stracheys penetrated
well above the snow-line. the fifties the Schlagintweits visited the
Milam glaciers and the Kamet group, where they reached height
22,259 feet the Tibetan side. For many years Colonel
who selected Nain Sing and Kishen Sing for the survey, made
very high excursions the course his annual shooting trips.
1883 Graham made the first pu: mountaineering expedition amongst
these snows, reaching heights over 22,000 feet the Nanda Devi
group, and being the first penetrate far into the mysterious valley
the Rishi Ganga. This expedition still constitutes the most successful
ever recorded the annals Himalayan mountaineering, but its occur-
rence just quarter century before public judgment India was
ripe for its appreciation, and Graham’s own lamentable carelessness
writing the extremely condensed accounts* his experiences, have
combined give excuse for doubting the accuracy his statements
which has been seized upon critics sometimes too much interested
wholly impartial. rule the latter have passed over his first visit
Sikhim and his visit Garhwal, confining themselves disputing
the ascent Kabru during his second visit Sikhim. But for the
reputation the Alpine Club—to which, noted, Graham never
belonged—it pleasant record that never lacked partisans amongst
the most eminent and experienced its members.

first visited these mountains return journey from Tibet
1905, details which have already appeared the Geographical and
Journals. Last summer Major the Hon. Bruce, 5th
Gurkha Mr. Mumm, and myself, hoped celebrate the
Jubilee the Alpine Club attempting the ascent Everest,

New Series, vol. Alpine Journal, vol. 12; Good Words, 1885.
Geographical Journal, vol. 29, pp. 201-211.
Alpine Journal, vol. 28, pp. 202-228.

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364 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

least the exploration its unknown glaciers. this scheme
received the most generous and cordial support from President and
this Society. When were peremptorily forbidden enter
Tibet the Home Government, was able persuade friends
join expedition Garhwal, the chief object which would
necessarily mountain climbing rather than geographical
This must excuse for the smallness the geographical
which able place before you. Nowadays there only room for
the specialist the various branches geographical
The only specialty which can lay claim snow-craft.

Besides ourselves, the party consisted the guides, Alexis and Henri
Brocherel, Courmayeur, who had accompanied
expedition, and Moritz Inderbinen, Zermatt, who had been
companion for over twenty years, and with him and Freshfield made
recent attempt Ruwenzori. Owing the great kindness Colonel
Kemball, the 5th Gurkha Rifles, Bruce was able bring
from this regiment Subhadar Karbir Burathoki, Havildar Damar Sing
Rana, and seven riflemen, mostly Magars and Gurungs. Damar Sing
was trained plane-tabler, had charge the stores, and kept the
accounts. Karbir counted guide, for had climbed good deal
with Bruce Kashmir and the Karakoram, and also with Sir Martin
Conway the Alps. The others, though accustomed run about quite
regardless the accepted laws gravity, were yet ignorant the
higher mysteries mountaineering. But men trained such
regiment this was consequence. They never failed us, they
never complained, and they never lost their cheerfulness.
them could have done very little. They were superior the best
Garhwalis have met, and even the Bhotias, need hardly add
that they bore resemblance whatever the Kumaoni the down-
country native.

Bruce also brought asingle servant cook, and undertook the entire
organization the commissariat and Gurkhas’ outfit, while Mumm and
were still England. joined him with the guides Almora
April and got away the 26th, crossing the Pindar river beyond
Gwaldam the 28th, after 50-mile march through the Kumaon foot-

pushed rapidly across the three intervening ranges the
middle hills, the zone the pine, the oak, the rhododendron, and the
fir. Snow was still lying the ground the upper forests, which are
very beautiful, and from which most exquisite views the high peaks
the east and north are obtained. Our route lay Wan and Kanol
Ramni, where picked the stores which Bruce had sent charge
Karbir; then down the Bireh Ganga and the other side
Kaliaghat (Pana), passing above the remains the lake formed
the great landslip and over the Kuari pass, 12,400 feet,

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NANDA DEVI,
25,660 ft.

LOWER END G.T.S. PEAK,

DURASHI PEAK, 14,630 ft.

THE RISHI VALLEY FROM ABOUT 15,000 ft. LATA RIDGE.

DIRECTION NANDA GHUNTI, LOWER END
TRISUL 23.406 21,286 ft. RINTI NALA,

Photo. Mumm.

MAY 10, 1907.

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 365

Tapoban the Dhaoli, which reached May having covered
another miles. From the Kuari pass, still deep snow, saw the
wonderful panorama peaks stretching from beyond Badrinath right
round Dunagiri, and, thanks the weather and early start,
obtained some excellent photographs. this occasion required
one hundred and fifty coolies carry our baggage and the six
supplies for the whole party which were taking with us. Had not
been for the assistance Mr. Stowell, the Deputy Commissioner
for Garhwal, and Bruce’s forethought, might have lost many
valuable days this part our journey.

Our first objective was the Rishi valley, means which hoped
find practicable route for the attack Trisul, feet, the second
highest peak the Nanda Devi group, visit 1905 having shown
that there was practicable route the south west. This valley,
though well wooded, and some miles length breadth
its broadest, has never been permanently inhabited, but receives
annual two months’ visit from the Tolma shepherds, The Rishi Ganga
bursts into the Dhaoli the hamlet Rini, 6000 feet, but narrow
and precipitous the gorge that Graham’s party was the only one
which had penetrated far it. Mr. Ryall, his report the
work the assistant-surveyor who entered 1874, dwells the
exposure and privations the Rishi Ganga valley, the survey
which perhaps the most formidable undertaking the whole
range the Himalayas yet accomplished.”

The name Rishi” applies firstly the seven mindborn” sons
Brahma, now represented the seven stars the Great Bear, and
whom the Vedic hymns were revealed; secondly, comes mean
inspired solitary sage, hermit, near can translate it, and
easy understand that the mystery with which this valley surrounded
and the awe with which regarded led belief the existence
such supernatural beings within its inaccessible recesses, and the
bestowal the name. had hoped try the route the valley for
myself, but the river was swollen with the melting snows, and the
local people declared that was impossible for laden coolies get
along it. There is, however, back door into the upper part this
valley, known the Tolma shepherds, which has been entered
single surveyor, few native shikarris, and three four
determined sportsmen, none, however, having got nearly far
Graham with the exception Mr. Davis, from whom was able
get some idea the topography. From Tapoban our heavy camp
and stores were sent Surai Thota (surai Cupressus torulosa)
(7290 feet),* with some the Gurkhas, wait—as turned out—until
June spending several days the slopes above the hamlet

Vide Notes.

366 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

Lata, and reconnoitring the cliffs along which our route must lie,
regretfully came the conclusion that, owing the depth the snow,
was present impossible take coolies across with the necessary
three weeks’ supplies, decided pass for the present
the Dhaoli and Dunagiri valleys the Bagini glacier beyond the
village Dunagiri, and the north-east the peak that name,
our main still remaining Surai Thota. May Bruce
established our temporary base camp (12,850 feet) the foot
the Bagini glacier, level with the last rhododendron and birch
trees. According the G.T.S. 1874), the Bagini glacier must have
receded about now terminates about 13,700 feet. The
Dunagiri glacier the G.T.S., flowing down from the north, does not
now join it, but ends above slope covered with moraine stuff
close the spot marked the G.T.S. started Damar Sing
with the plane-tabling, and reconnoitred the upper part the
glacier basin together. had hoped, there seemed
strong probability that mountaineering party could force their way
into the Rishi valley, over the ridge between the G.T.S. peaks
22,516 feet, and Dunagiri, 23,184 feet, and get out lower down.
also hoped learn something the route Trisul, for this was really
unexplored country decided this course instead trying
peak, which there considerable choice hereabouts.

May the six Europeans, with Karbir, Kulbahadur, Buddhichand,
and Dhan Lal, started the Bagini glacier, taking eight coolies
carry loads. camped (15,500 feet) the right lateral moraine,
sending the coolies back once. Next morning (May 21) pushed
the Bagini glacier, and then turning almost due south, our first
plane-table station (16,140 feet), continued along the main course
the glacier which, flowing from the direction Dunagiri Parbat,
sweeps round towards the north under the two peaks 22,735 feet
and 22,516 feet, locally known Kalanka and Changabang respectively.
The latter the peak ascended Graham 1883, and named him
Monal.” worth recording here that the bestowal this
name, after the monal pheasants that saw “on its slopes,” has been
urged proof Graham’s unveracity. But how can any one imagine
that meant saw them the summit, even above the
his more detailed papers Good Words, explicitly states that
saw them between his camp the banks the Rishi and his final
bivouac—a locality which they abounded the time our visit.
Changabang the most superbly beautiful mountain have ever seen,
its north-west face, sheer precipice over 5000 feet, being com-
posed white granite with pale pinkish tinge, that first
mistaken for snow lying the cliffs absolutely impossible
angle.

All who were bound for the pass were heavily loaded, had

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CHANGABANG (22,516 ft.) FROM THE BAGINI PASS.

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 367

carry Primus stoves, petroleum, cooking-pots, tents, sleeping-bags,
instruments, and ammunition, large supply ropes, and pro-
visions sufficient last our party eight for ten days. For, having
got into the Rishi valley, intended get out
the interval must self-supporting. The sun was oppressive
that after tramping over the snow for five hours stopped, a.m.,
under the shade some huge blocks which formed part irregular
medial moraine (18,300 feet). Instead making for the pass directly
under Changabang, had now decided right the head
this arm the glacier, more directly under the great easterly spur
Mumm was not going cross the pass with us, and re-
turned the camp above Dunagiri with and Damar Sing,
leaving party Europeans and four Gurkhas. rejoined
later Surai Thota.

May started 4.30 a.m., but Bruce and had very
soon stop with cold feet, and was probably this time that
Karbir got his had rope over the last slopes, and
the guides cut many steps. Our loads seemed grow inordinately
heavy, but a.m. stood the crest the pass. Its height
comes out 20,100 feet, and the name Bagini pass would most
naturally belong it.

From the pass looked down vast shut snow-clad
peaks, while 3000 feet above the west towered the icy crest
Dunagiri. But the descent the south side looked bad that had
set about once. The Brocherels had brought good supply
iron pitons from Courmayeur, and, means fixing these into cracks
the rocks and doubling ropes round them, were able lower our-
selves and the loads down the snow-draped cliffs below us. really
was difficult bit mountaineering, the descent about 1000 feet
oceupying over five hours, and the two Brocherels were quite their
element. This was very fine performance the part the Gurkhas,
and striking testimony both their inherently resolute character and
the excellence their military training. Remember that they were
called upon perform feat which was quite beyond the powers
any the local men. instance the value local native
evidence, may mention that Mr. Ward, the Rifle Brigade, told
that less than three months later our route was pointed out him
lying over the spurs the west Dunagiri, along shepherd’s
summer track. had disappeared from the neighbourhood their
village and reappeared eight days later Surai Thota. Obviously,
then, went the only route they knew

were very glad camp about the snow-field directly
the south foot the pass (18,800 painfully cold night
got off May 23, and proceeded down huge snow-
covered glacier south-easterly direction, with the twin peaks

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368

MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

Nanda Devi showing over the ridge straight ahead us, and then,
turning sharp corner south-westerly direction, leaving the
magnificent cone Changabang behind us. six hours reached
the end the glacier for which the name Rhamani Arhamani was
afterwards given shikarri whom took the foot the
Trisuli Nala, from the slopes which visible. said that
neither nor any one else had ever been there, though Graham must
have touched it, and don’t know that there avy authority for the
name. had fondly hoped find ourselves the great glaciers
the foot Nanda Devi itself, but the G.T.S. naturally very in-
accurate here. The glacier ended steep tongue covered with
horribly unstable litter moraine stuff.

next came extraorlinary gorge cut out the glacier
stream, which was often quite invisible, though very audible, under
thick beds hard snow. one had lower our loads the
aud follow ourselves similar manner. After food and short
rest, broke out the gorge the right, climbed the steep slopes
the west, and down again the first patch birch trees, where
camped p.m. (13,100 feet) amongst enormous boulders, which still
held some snowdrifts from which could get water. the east
towered the cliffs Nanda Devi, too hold the snow. South
was the entrance the Trisuli Nala, though the peak itself was
invisible. Directly our feet, more than 1000 feet below, lay the
junction the Rhamani and Rishi torrents.

started late May 24, after most refreshing night, and skirted
high along the slopes that fall one continuous sweep from the
peak marked Niti, No. 17,056 feet” the into the Rishi
Ganga, here only 10,900 feet. There thus drop over 6000 feet
horizontal distance miles, while the slopes the opposite south
bank the Rishi are very much steeper. After only couple hours
this work saw some (Ovis nahura) below us, and killed
two, after easy stalk. Much the wrath the guides, decided
stay where were and eat them, camped under overhanging
cliff, near convenient supply juniper bushesand snow. For May
noted “really terrific dry coasting along the slopes Niti peak
(No. about 13,000 were all well loaded,
the strata being the wrong way, were constantly toiling steep
slopes avoid difficulties, only find horrid cut-offs the other side.
This lasted from 7.30 am. which time had covered
miles straight line, when, after particularly heart-breaking
ascent, came upon most unexpected sight. deep lateral nala
far below was thick forest tall, straight pines surrounding
small grassy alp. For five days had had rely snow for drink-
ing purposes, and only the two camps had been able get
any wood, this was very welcome change. afterwards found

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THE HIMALAYA 369

that this was the summer pasture, named Dibrugheta (11,730 feet from
six which the Tolma shepherds annually bring their
flocks. The alp less than half mile south-south-west the spot
marked 14,710b the this probably error, though
appears indicate the furthest point reached the surveyor this

direction.

May started rather late—at 7.45 a.m.—to make our way
past the screen bare cliffs, which, towering 2900 feet above us, com-
pletely shut the nala the west. kept first the left bank
the stream, and rapidly gained height following the crest old
lateral moraine. Standing this irrefutable witness the former
presence glaciers, was interesting observe that this narrow
and steep-sided glen was truly wedge-shaped section, and now
showed signs glacier activity, even the exposed rock-faces
opposite, other than the presence the moraine itself. the head
the glen, however, small hanging valley, the old glacier
having doubtless here made stand the course its retreat, and
inhibited the cutting-back action the stream. ‘Three weeks later,
when thar-shooting, followed the glen with great difficulty right down
the Rishi Ganga, and, from what saw, came the conclusion that
Dibrugheta itself may represent terminal moraine, but that this
ancient glacier had never descended below that spot, unless argue
that the torrent may have obliterated all traces it.

Crossing the torrent about miles above Dibrugheta, climbed
the steep grassy slopes, still snow-covered, and crossed the ridge
over 14,000 feet. Gentle snow-slopes led p.m. three stone
goat-pens half buried snow. was Durashi feet from seven
knew must the right track. The highest peak the Curtain
between Durashi and Dibrugheta was afterwards found feet,
and its lowest depression 14,100 feet. From this little peak, and from
the top cliff quarter mile tothe west our camp, obtained
most extraordinary views down series appalling precipices the
bed Rishi Ganga far below us. From Lata peak, 12,624 feet,
the side which had encamped fortnight earlier, the
drop the river must nearly 6000, and this horizontal distance
only three-quarters mile.

still had find the whereabouts the goat track across the
ahead us, and when left camp next morning (May 27),
6.30 a.m. cold wet mist and falling snow, realized that were
for some interesting work. started the slopes the north-west
and tried the cliffs several places, but, owing the mist, failed hit
off the route. after some good climbing, found ourselves
a.m. the summit small peak (15,700 feet). christened
this Tolma peak, because believed that went down the further

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370 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

side should reach the village that name. was snowing and
blowing, and the descent the steep snow gullies below called for
great care and all the usual precautions. Fortunately, the angle
gradually eased off, and were able unrope and glissade down
old avalanche which took right into the forest the head the
Tolma glen. then raced off down this densely wooded gorge,
sometimes the bed the torrent itself, but more often creeping along
the cliffs its left bank, and through Tolma village our base
camp Surai Thota, thoroughly well satisfied with our eight days’
expedition.

Bruce had, most unfortunately, damaged his knee during our passage
down the valley, and now became painful that was com-
pelled lie up. But the rains were approaching, and the assault
Trisul still made with his generously given consent decided
leave him the base camp Surai Thota, with his servant and four
the Gurkhas. May 31, Mumm and set off with the three guides,
Karbir, Damar Sing, Kulbahadur, Dhan Lal, Buddhichand, and also
young shikari, with twenty-three coolies carry our supplies for
three weeks. mounted the steep track Tolma village, and then
turned straight upwards into the forest past some magnificent deodars,
one which measured feet circumference feet above the
ground. The woods were full monal pheasants, and found nest
with six eggs it. Early the afternoon camped pretty little
alp known Hyetui Kharak (11,500 feet).

were 5.30 June but could not get the coolies off till
Soon after the tree limit (12,000 12,500 feet) had been
passed, the guides commenced the arduous task breaking track
through the snow for the coolies, who required the help the rope
get round one particularly awkward corner. 12.30 reached the
col (14,700 feet), and commenced the passage the cliffs leading
Darashi. The guides had cut every step the way, while and
the Gurkhas helped the coolies over the worst bits. The goat track
should have been clear now, but, have said, the season was late
one, and every ledge was covered steep slope snow. Fortunately
one slipped, and soon after p.m. reached our old quarters
Durashi. Next day crossed the Curtain” ridge, dropped down
2500 feet the stream its foot, and reached Dibrugheta.

June the coolies got off before a.m., had told them that
this would their last march. Crossing over intervening spur,
struck down diagonally over very bad ground, below the slopes had
traversed May and 25, the Rishi Ganga, making for spot
called Duti (10,900 feet). Here some huge boulders the bed the
torrent made easy construct temporary bridge, which crossed
about noon. were now the south side the Rishi Ganga, and
the opening the Trisuli Nala—as named it—was only very short

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 371

distance further the stream. But there is, course, sign
track, and had climb 1500 feet before could turn east along
the densely crowded thickets rhododendron and birch which clothe
the sides the valley. soon after p.m. found fairly
good camping-place the bed the Trisuli Nala itself, amongst
tangle birch trees, and just level with the last the pines.
This camp (11,600 feet) was our base for Trisul, paid off all
but three the coolies and sent them back their homes, with instruc-
tions return three weeks they felt inclined, but that were
quite independent their services. This last statement, though true,
was merely ensure their return.

June Damar Sing climbed the steep crags the right bank
the stream with the plane-table, while went the opposite slopes
get look the Very soon saw glacier with series
moraines its left bank, which came sweeping into our nala from the
south-west almost right angle. Soon after gaining this, about noon,
saw three crossing the ice, and shot couple for food, which
think was allowable under the circumstances, and considering that only
one sportsman, Mr. Davis, had ever been here. His camping-place
was pointed out the shikari, who called Betatoli, which
name therefore attach the glacier. heads from the north-eastern
slopes the G.T.S. peak 20,842 feet, miles north Trisul. Its middle
course broken formidable ice-fall. Formerly the Trisuli glacier
flowed into the Betatoli glacier from the south, and deflected the latter
towards the north. Now that the Trisuli glacier has receded, the Beta-
toli has straightened itself out, leaving series lateral moraines along
its left bank. Further, has completely blocked the Trisuli Nala,
impinging against the cliffs its eastern wall, and presenting the
south almost perpendicular face ice several hundred feet high, the
base which the Trisuli torrent has carved out ice-tunnel. The
snout the Betatoli descends just below the level the birches and
rhododendrons about 12,400 feet, and showed signs recent
recession.

did not seem worth while carry our base camp any higher,
decided leave Damar Sing charge carry the plane-table
survey, and wait for Bruce with the shikari and the three coolies
who had elected remain with us. June set off with Mumm,
the three guides, Karbir, and the three other Gurkhas; carried the
lightest possible outfit—four Mummery tents weighing about
each, and eider-down sleeping-bags for the whole party. followed
the left bank the stream straight the Trisuli Nala, and then took
the left lateral moraine the Betatoli glacier. After following this
till the ice became less steep and broken, crossed the glacier right
angles, scrambled the moraine the right bank, and dropped down
into unexpected little hollow the far side. Its floor consisted

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372 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

old moraine heaps thickly carpeted with coarse grass and juniper scrub
about feet high. was pleasant and well-sheltered spot, obviously
the last which could camp any comfort, so, although was only
a.m., and our altitude only feet, decided stay here.
Amongst ourselves always called Juniper Camp.”

After caching some tins and meat bed snow,
started a.m. (June the moraine-covered slopes leading the
Trisuli glacier. Keeping well the left bank the Trisuli
reached the snout the glacier about 14,000 feet
present rapidly receding. noticed that the black gneiss cliffs the
opposite (right) side the glacier were seamed with beautiful veins
white, which took for quartz. went on, the left lateral moraine
grew more and more distinct, and soon its crest offered excellent
path. first led due south, but soon began bend round
slightly the south-west. Straight ahead were 22,490 feet, and
22,360 feet, and closing our view the glacier the west were
some high black cliffs festooned with icicles. Then saw our moraine
(left lateral) taking sharp turn the west, and, climbing the
mountain-side, disappear amongst snow and ice. the same moment
saw the great gap between and the middle peak Trisul.
had reconnoitred its dangerous southern side from the Kurumtoli
(Garhwali-Kail) glacier 1905, when pointed out the mistake
G.T.S. Three months later was again find myself the south
side the range, and discover that the Sukeram glacier was also
wrongly delineated. Yet must admit that the mountain
here complex, and the access these glaciers difficult, that the
only wonder that have any maps them all.

went the last slope the moraine that was free from
snow and camped 2.30 p.m., height about 16,500 feet. This
the highest point which have seen any plants grasses this
part the Himalaya, though further north they extend very much
higher. front us, looked towards the invisible summit
was magnificent ice-fall, and above that huge rolling wastes
desolate snow. Starting 5.30 a.m, June continued
mount westerly direction, having this ice-fall our left hand, and
line dark cliffs our right. The slopes were steep first, and
vur loads kept the pace down. reaching the open snow-fields above,
the sun became very trying, and felt the exertion severely. About
noon the slope steepened again, and violent west wind began blow,
p.m. camped altitude which works out 20,050 feet.
The surface the snow was whipped and driven into and through
our clothes apparently from every direction. managed with great
difficulty persuade one the Primus stoves work, and Henri gave
all hot drink. turned with Karbir, who watched over like
nurse, although was suffering considerable pain from the frost- bite

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 373

had contracted the Bagini glacier. passed cold uncomfort-
able night, owing the violent wind and the snow which was driven
into the tents. Next morning, June the gale was still raging. The
tents, thongh only feet high, could hardly kept standing, and
was quite impossible make start. Inderbinen was suffering
from very severe headache, and the three Gurkhas were feeling the cold
acutely, though without complaint, decided send them down
Juniper camp the first sign lull, which came about noon. The
rest stayed the hope that things might improve next
morning. could not stay outside the tents, passed the day
smoking and dragging out Karbir’s reminiscences war. has been
forty affairs, and great bullet-wounds. takes sensible view
war, and fights hurt. fear Mumm had very dull time alone
his tent. could not even melt snow drink, though the guides
triel for more than hour. The second night seemed worse than
the first, and lot snow had driven into the tents morning,
literally tore ourselves the roots and struggled down throngh the
bitter cold weather. got out the wind soon neared the
line cliffs the ice-fall, and leaving some things our old camping
place, trudged back along the moraine Juniper camp, which
reached 2.30 p.m.

June enjoyed well-earned rest and the comforts
fire, and although snowed from p.m., felt very
Fearing for Karbir’s frost-bitten foot, tried persuade him give
the attempt, which decided renew onthe morrow. But was use-
less, Bruce had warned would be, made some bharal skin
covers for his boots, which hoped would help keep out the cold.
Mumm had severe indigestion all night, and was unwell the morn-
ing that decided return the camp the Trisuli Nala. was
extremely hard lines, for had had all the hard work and discomfort
far, and stood high altitudes well that could certainly have
reached the summit with us. So, great regret, parted June 11,
with his most strict injunctions get the top somehow. with
Alexis and Henri Brochereland Karbir. Dhan Lal and Buddhichand
came with for the day carry load and lighten that the
guides. Juniper camp 6.20 a.m., reached our moraine
camp June 6-7 very quickly 10.50. All the morning the weather
looked very arctic, but the absence sun probably accounted for our
excellent pace the way moraine. Atabout 15,000 feet put
several ram-chickor tibetanus), and saw couple
very dark-coloured foxes. After much discussion with the guides,
had come the conclusion that our best chance was rush the peak
from lower camp, and not tempt the wind again the exposed
snow-slopes higher up. Snow began fall noon, and soon after-
wards sent the Gurkhas back and pitched our two Mummery tents

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MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

about 17,450 feet, under the shelter the high cliffs already men-
tioned. immediately set work with the Primus stove, and after
long drink all round, filled three large thermos” bottles with
cocoa and weak tea. this way hoped provide breakfast
drink and enough liquid for the ascent, without having waste several
hours over snow-melting the next morning.

Snow continued fall gently till the early hours. tried
(June 12) but could not face the cold, which attacked feet
and hands before could get frozen boots on, although had kept
the latter inside sleeping-bag all night. However, started
5.30 a.m., and carried only the very lightest loads made very
rapid progress. reached our old upper camp (20,000 feet) a.m.,
where remained half hour eat small meal raisins and plasmon
biscuits, for had all fully realized that was most unwise for
try and negotiate heavy meal such Seeing signs
crevasses ahead, put the rope, Alexis leading, then Karbir, Henri,
and myself. Then went the snow-slopes, continuous steep-
ness but withal quite easy. breathing was very rapid, and felt
very feeble, but was securely tied the rope and could not escape,
The tourmentes wind-driven snow, which this slope the mountain
seems very liable, were times almost paralyzing their intensity,
yet sure that bore the cold better than should have borne
extreme heat. noon found had reached 21,000 feet, and here
Alexis had take off the small snow-shoes, with which had been
breaking track through the crust new snow, the slope steepened
again. should mention that our route lay south-west south all
day after leaving the site the upper camp. began doubt
capacity for maintaining the pace much longer, but Alexis and Karbir
seemed quite happy, and Henri offered pull rope much
liked, pocketed pride and consented this breach the rules.
Except for the briefest halts recover breath, now rose rapidly and
continuously, the slopes being that particular angle steepness which
enables the climber make height most rapidly, and all the peaks
sight sank below us, except Nanda Devi. neared the summit
the bitter west wind again swooped down us, rattling the icicles
our beards and moustaches. p.m. emerged flat-topped
dome snow, forms the apex the huge triangular snow-field
which set steep angle upon the north-east face the mountain,
and along the western edge which had climbed. hailed
the summit, and, driving his ice-axe into incipient crack the
snow, planted the stick and square canvas had insisted bringing
up. But was not yet satisfied, for just beyond us, across dip the
ridge, was most provoking cornice, which cut off the view the
south. Excitement made lose all sense fatigue, and pushed on,
the tail thus leading the head. Not knowing the size the cornice,

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 375

that the extent its overhang, had keep well down the western
slope. The snow was frozen hard, and the crampons was wearing bit
well; however, the rest the party were not wearing these “adventi-
tious aids” that day, and was ordered cut steps. The distance
was very short, and soon crawled the cornice and looked over the
edge, Henri hanging the rope case ofaccidents. ‘The first thing
noticed was that Henri had been quite right insisting the first
peak being the highest, but would not have missed the view down
that astounding southern precipice for anything. Over the foothills
was dense copper-coloured haze—a dust-storm from the plains—
but the west seemed gazing into endless space. cannot
describe that view, but the memory remains most treasured
possession.

The cold was very trying, and, turning back almost once, left
the first summit 4.30 p.m. felt quite done up, but had difficulty
with breathing soon began downhill. Going very
fast, reached our camp under the cliffs p.m.; but perhaps
watch was fast, for was light that the men insisted rolling
the tents and sleeping-bags, and carried everything down our old
camp the moraine 16,500 feet. That night only desire was
for sleep; was neither hungry nor thirsty, though had taken very
little all day.

hope have made plain that the two Brocherels, whom all
the credit the ascent due, and Karbir showed signs distress
during the climb. ascended from camp 17,450 feet the
summit, 23,406 say 6000 feet, ten hours. Graham
estimated his highest camp Kabru 18,500 feet, and reached the
summit, 24,000 feet—an ascent 5500 feet—in little over nine hours.
each case this gives rate approximately 600 feet hour. Turn-
ing the Alps, the best instance can remember for comparison the
ascent Mont Blane, 15,781 feet from the Dome Hut 10,499 feet
the Italian side. have twice performed this ascent 5282 feet
five and half hours, which gives rate 960 feet hour. addition
this diminution progress, distinctly conscious both mental
and physical lassitude very great but have now been
20,000 feet and over about ten occasions, and slept least three
nights such altitudes, and experience confirms the belief
that the effect low atmospheric pressure depends the strength
and condition the climber much more than the actual altitude
attains.* also believe that the idea acclimatization low pressures
fallacious, for experience the effects are cumulative; and
was this consideration which finally decided rush the peak from
low camp.

Vide Sickness and its Causes’ the writer.

376 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

Next morning (June 13) Alexis and proceeded the level snow-
covered surface the Trisuli glacier for one and half hours; while
Henri and Karbir started back down the glacier with heavy loads,
Ahead lay the Trisul Gap, would name it, for, having never
been crossed, can hardly called pass. has the
being less than 18,000 feet altitude, and situated the great
which runs from the middle peak Trisul about 22,000 feet)

an
easterly direction through the peaks and A,, the The
map therefore misplaces this water-parting between the Pindar and
the Rishi about miles, showing the ridge articulating with the
highest (northernmost) peak

down the Trisuli glacier, redistributed our loads
Juniper camp, which had looked our home since June and
proceeded across the Betatoli and down our base camp the
mouth the Trisuli Nala. Here were welcomed Bruce and
Mumm, the former having sufficiently recovered come over into the
Rishi valley, but being now down with fever, that was impossible
for him attempt repeat the ascent Trisul. will always
source great regret that neither companions were able
share this ascent. all worked together during the expedition,
but think Bruce worked harder than the rest; certainly Mumm and
feel that owe him great debt gratitude for the trouble took
over organization both before and during the journey. The ascent
Trisul quite easy from the technical point view, but demands
much mechanical endurance that one who not perfect health
can hope achieve it.

June Bruce and Mumm started back across the Rishi
valley with the guides and Gurkhas, all carrying double loads.
the 14th went off with Kulbahadur and Pahal Sing endeavour
force our way right the Rishi valley the foot Nanda Devi,
taking four days’ food with us. With considerable difficulty
reached the junction the Arhamani torrent with the Ganga,
where crossed the latter the north bank snow-bridge
feet), could get further along the south bank, and the current
was too strong for wading. Here camped under overhanging
rock amongst the birch trees. Next morning climbed straight
about 13,500 feet, and the intervening 1700 feet cliffs between
this and the Rishi Ganga saw practicable route the valley, though
obtained most wonderful view Nanda Devi. think that
were just beyond Graham’s furthest point this direction. could
see sign glacier filling the head the Rishi valley, such
shown the G.T.S. maps, and Damar Sing reported from his observa-
tions from the ridge which forms the eastern boundary the Trisuli
Nala, that the glaciers from the north and south Nanda Devi not
join each other the western base that peak.

Phot

L. Mumm,

THE RIVER ABOVE

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 377

Crossing back the south bank returned the Rishi
valley and rejoined the others Duti the evening the 15th.
June all pushed Dibrugheta, where were relieved
our loads the coolies, who came the following day and carried
them Durashi. June reached our base camp the
Dhaoli valley Surai Thota.

Our next objective was Kamet, had move our base camp
the Dhaoli valley towards Niti. The encamping ground named Juma
undoubtedly situated the old moraine the Juma glacier,
there are several erratic boulders stranded the hillsides the
west. Juma Gwar and the village Malari the track
generally carried several hundreds feet above the Dhaoli river,
magnificent gorge, and skirts several stretches water-worn
rock cut into great concave cups and hollows, still quite regular and
one place the path crosses open-sided pot-hole about 400
500 feet above the present level the river. All these contours
have been cut water flowing the same direction the present
stream, and not lateral tributary torrents. obvious, then, that
the river has either greatly deepened its bed, that its erosive action
kept pace with the uplift that bed. From the size these water
markings, concluded that the river must formerly have carried
greater volume water than does now. They occur section
the river only miles below its present source, and just that
section which pierces the main axis Similar phenomena
are frequent occurrence the valleys many southward-flowing
Himalayan rivers, and have been explained due increased erosion,
cutting back, and capture, consequent the copious rainfall and
steeper slopes the southern side. But just the area drained
the last miles the Dhaoli which has much smaller rainfall than
the rest Garhwal. this instance seem find support for the
theory propounded Medlicott, earlier drainage system which has
continued drain area originally the north the main axis
elevation. impossible modify both these theories and suggest
that before the barrier reached its present proportions, the
rainfall above Malari and Niti was greater than now, thus enabling
larger river than exists present cut down and keep pace with
the uplift its bed? From what saw the neighbouring parts
Tibet two years ago, quite that the rainfall there was
formerly much greater than

Malari, 10,011 feet G.T.S., Bhotia summer village,
are opposite the mouth the Girthi the country the
north and east beginning assume ‘Tibetan character, the skies are

For account these very interesting people, ride Sherring’s paper
No.

378 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION
bluer and the mountains barer, both vegetation and snow, though
there are some very fine deodars close the village. Here was greeted
Bhotia whom had met two years previously Shibchilam,
Hundes. had there engaged yaks from the Daba take
belongings back into India. surprise, the Tibetan charge
bolted the night with the yaks the foot the Chor Hoti pass, after
having taken all through the Dakka hills and over the Shalshal pass
into British territory. had difficulty reaching Niti, but,
matter form, wrote note English complaining the
Months afterwards had received postal order for Rs.8 for which
could never account. Now the Bhotia informed that the
had sent this sum the balance due from the full yak had
already paid, and which had been forfeited owing the flight
the Tibetan driver. This striking example, not only Tibetan
honesty, but the friendliness with which English people are regarded
Tibetan officials. Doubtless the epidemic political aloofness which
present popular this country will lose for the good impres-
sion that have made, for the position which have taken over
the question will inevitably attributed fear.

From Malari sent our baggage the valley through
village Timor Shim, the encamping ground below the large Bhotia
village Niti, 11,857 feet, while crossed the easy Kurkuti Dhar,
15,064 feet, getting fine views the Hoti peaks and the Gamsali
glen. The descent camp about 3500 feet was very easily accom-
plished hour, thanks several glissades, for were entering
country gentler contours and very different conformation the
ranges which form the main axis elevation.

last were able persuade Karbir pay some attention his
frost-bitten foot, from which was now suffering acute pain. Leaving
him charge the base camp Timor Shim, started again along
the Niti track with eighteen jhobus and fourteen coolies. Dhaoli
valley above Niti considerable geological interest, for the river
follows the course the great fault between the crystalline rocks the
main axis (Nanda Devi, Trisul, Dunagiri, and Kamet range) and the
younger sedimentary beds which are developed along the Tibetan
frontier. the gneiss the right bank are the last outlying
the left there only scrub, with the last rhododendron and birch
trees Goting E.G. (12,490 feet) where camped June 26, The
view the valley and the actual surroundings this spot are
strikingly reminiscent the analogous solitudes across the
frontier. The bharhal, the marmot (A. Himalayanus), the red-billed
chough eremita), and the snow-pigeon (C. leuconota) seem the
chief permanent inhabitants. The very air now much drier and
clearer and the sun more powerful, and could daily watch the white
clouds roll from the south-west only dissolve above our heads.

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL, 379

June crossed the Dhaoli natural bridge. Above this the
valley was remarkable reason the triple tier gravel beaches
raised one above the other the left bank turning
the Raikana Nala which still follows the course the great fault
which have alluded, deserted the track the Niti pass. But
was interesting note that the Raikana river possessed greater
volume water than the Dhaoli, although the latter has received the
waters the Ganes Ganga. this region the rainfall diminishes with
every step towards the north.

June made our first camp the Raikana Nala, place
called Kali Kharak (13,600 feet). were the left bank the
Raikana river, which has here cut deep gorge for itself through
morajne stuff along the line the great fault. the valley the
north-west huge moraine, marked the G.T.S. series hills.
is, however, true terminal moraine, the greater part which still
lying ice which certainly descends below 15,000 feet. Immediately
its foot irregular plain, scattered over with huge moraine blocks
and supporting scanty growth juniper and grass: this called
Raikana Kharak (14,200 feet), and occasionally used pasturage
for yaks and jhobus the Niti Bhotias. Here saw rare and
beautiful little bird, pectoralis, near relative the Arctic
Crossing this, the next morning ascended the
moraine, but, owing the badness the going, had stop a.m.
and send the jhobus back their scanty pastures Raikana Kharak.
Our camp was pitched 15,350 feet, level patch
adjoining the ice the left bank the glacier, and directly below
Chango, 20,216 feet. were able obtain wood from the juniper
bushes Raikana Kharak.

June proceeded the left bank the main Raikana
glacier with the two Brocherels. passed several fine glacial pools,
which might almost accorded the title marjelen lakes, the larger
ones containing small floating bergs. three hours reached
height about 16,300 feet, the glacier being very rough and crevassed.
the north-north-west was snow-pass leading into Tibet, and this
side easy access. the west were looking straight glacier,
which leads what take Strachey’s 24,670-feet peak, about
mile the north-east Kamet itself, and which had seen from Gurla
Mandhata, 100 miles the east 1905. Owing inaccuracies the
map, had overshot our mark, which was the glacier leading Kamet
itself. After watching some bharhal feeding the stony slopes opposite
over 16,000 feet, turned back crossing over the right bank
the glacier, and skirting round great buttress 1each the glacier
which flows from the actual south-east base Kamet, and whicb, for
convenience, shall call the Kamet glacier. had climb high
above some bad cliffs the buttress, but eventually dropped down

380 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

the Kamet glacier and continued toa height about
feet. Here saw enough show that were the only possible
route which our peak could attacked this side, though could
not reconcile the map with what saw before us. Descending the
Kamet glacier, found that united with the Raikana glacier, its
extremely broken and moraine-covered surface having doubtless deceived
the surveyors into thinking that the two ice-streams did not join one
another. reached our camp late the evening, after very long
and fatiguing day.

June started reconnoitre Kamet, taking with the
two Brocherels, six Gurkhas, and ten coolies. Crossing the Raikana
glacier, went the Kamet glacier, and, after some rough walking,
made camp 16,800 feet the left lateral moraine, where found
some big boulders grassy slope, which gave our camp very
luxurious air. usual, sent the coolies back once. July
did not start till 6.30 a.m.; follow the glacier further would have
been very risky, owing the dangerous hanging glaciers which drape
the northern slopes Mana peak (No. 23,862 feet, G.T.S.),
turned sharply the north-west very steep moraine-slupe.
landed glacier the secondary order which flows down
typical hanging valley. Our surroundings gave striking example
the conservative effects ice. The small glacier stream emerged from
the snout the glacier altitude about 17,400 feet. The ice-
covering was obviously checking the development the valley,
particular, inhibiting the back cutting the stream, which, have
remarked, but small one, for the higher the ice the less the
melting.

Heavy clouds were blowing over the ridge from the south-west, but
the echo from the cliffs our right kept straight. pushed
over ever steepening snow-slopes, and 1.30 p.m. reached the crest
the ridge. The Watkin observation gives height 20,180 feet,
worked out the way have indicated the notes. But the camp
was fixed, usual, hypsometer, and using this lower station,
the reading would 20,870 feet. think this tends show that the
other altitudes are not overestimated. The clouds cleared somewhat,
and saw directly below the avalanche-swept Kamet glacier
winding down from the foot that great peak (25,443 feet But
were completely cut off from it. Worse still, never got com-
plete view its stupendous south-east face, which falls succession
red precipices more than 7000 feet the glacier below. had
carried the plane-table with us, but with all the clouds about was
useless set up; indeed, the cold wind alone was sufficient drive
down after had waited for three-quarters hour hopes
clear view. had seen enough know that there was practicable
route which the peak might attacked this (eastern) side. The

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 381

upper Kamet glacier horribly dangerous, lying narrow gorge
that would quite impossible escape from the ice avalanches
which constantly fall it. During the descent again noticed
how the clouds were dissipated the dry air Tibet was approached,
and over the Chango ridge obtained the most wondrous glimpses
that part Tibet which had been good fortune wander two
years

Next day returned down the Kamet glacier and crossed the
Raikana glacier our camp. One the largest the glacier lakes
had emptied itself since had passed three days earlier.

considered useless attempt Kamet from the east, now
cross the main range Badrinath, the valley the
Our heavy baggage would have round Joshimath,
but using snow pass known the natives, hoped able
cross with sufficient tents and supplies keep till our heavy camp
arrive. all returned Niti, and July had the whole
our effects carried down through the wonderful Niti gorge the
encamping ground (11,190 feet) opposite the village Gamsali, the
right bank the Dhaoli river.

piercing the narrow gorge below Niti, where bends upon itself
angle 45°, the Dhaoli cuts its way deeply through vast bed
hard silicious mud and great angular boulders, which extends for
miles the valley towards Malari, and forms more less level
floor, about miles wide its broadest, between the steep gneiss
which bound the valley the east and west. cannot escape the
conclusion that, though portions this may due
from above, considerable part represents moraine left the
recession the huge glacier system which still fills the head the
Gamsali glen. But feel still more certain that glacier ever pushed
through the Niti gorge from above, though there are water-marks there
high above the present level the stream, showing how has deepened
its bed.

July started the Gamsali valley with about twenty
Bhotia coolies, and soon found ourselves amongst chaos huge rocks.
These are probably the result rock-falls overlaying moraine stuff.
The valley shut either side the most glorious gneiss cliffs,
the general effect produced being similar that the Vale Lauter-
carved sublime scale, but with the forests absent. Further
came unmistakable terminal moraine, its summit raised
above the valley floor immediately ahead. this time year was
veritable garden flowers, and afforded excellent pasturage for the
Gamsali flocks. can only have been formed time when the
its parent glacier was almost stationary, only retreating
very, very slowly. After this the glacier must have retreated with
great rapidity back its present point termination (13,000 feet),

]
a
10

MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

about which has made another stand, evidenced the formation
and character its moraines. The intermediate distance flat
waste stones, through which the stream wanders many channels,
but the lateral moraines are still well marked where side streams
and avalanches have not destroyed them. The secondary glaciers,
coming down from the G.T.S. peak, 19,815 feet, formerly joined the
main glacier, and even now come down very much lower than
indicated the maps. From the largest stream stone
falls, both day and night, over steep cliff the moraine the
main glacier below. This example how the recession
glacier might particular circumstances close route, for
the time when this secondary glacier joined the main ice-stream such
rock-falls could not occur. Though have not visited the Ralam pass
myself, believe, from what have heard from natives, that this the
probable explanation the closing that old route from Johar into
Darma.

camped July spot called Thur Udiar (13,000 feet),
close the snout the main glacier, which the Gamsali people
gave the name Banke gal. Next day followed the left lateral
moraine for two and half hours, and camped flat shelf behind
called Eri Udiar (Cold Cave) (14,690 feet). Here were the last
the juniper bushes; the fact that they had not all been cut
for fuel long ago itself showing how rarely the natives visit this
spot. Facing was magnificent ice-fall, flowing down the slopes
G.T.S. peak, 21,198 feet, north-easterly direction, while from
the steep slopes above our camp there was splendid view Rataban,
20,094 feet, and also the beautiful little glacier lake the foot
the former peak. The pass which meant cross the range
lay between these two fine mountains, but was completely hidden
behind subsidiary spur the 21,198-feet peak. was crossed
1862 Colonel Edmund Smyth,* and were told later the priests
Badrinath that one the Stracheys had also crossed it.

returned for letters Gamsali with Bruce, who had make
arrangements for sending Karbir round the valley route with our
heavy camp. the 9th and 10th, spite very unsettled weather,
Mumm and Inderbinen explored the upper Banke glacier towards the
Mana peak (G.T.S., No. 23,862 feet), finding most unexpected indi-
cations pass. regret did not follow this attempting
get Mana this new route. July assembled once more
Eri Udiar, and started a.m. next morning cross the Bhyundar
Khanta, taking about twenty lightly laden coolies with us. reached
the top the pass without difficulty noon, and saw three bharhal
above us. found the altitude only 16,700 feet. The view the

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THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 383

south-west into the green Bhyundar valley was very fine, and great
contrast the stony desolation the north. Due south rose Ganri
Parbat, 21,747 feet, well named the Brilliant peak,” and over its shoulder
could see the top Hathi Parbat, 22,141 feet, named after its resem-
blance the body reclining elephant. were standing upon
more than mere water-parting, for this the screen which precipi-
tates much the rain borne the south-west monsoon, and
for the higher snow-line (17,000 18,000 feet) found the north and
east, and for the very different flora and fauna which are found that
side. The same state things prevails the north and south sides
respectively the Nanda Devi group: the south the snow-line about
16,000 feet, the glaciers descend 12,000 feet, and the forests are very
extensive while the north the forests are scanty absent, and end
well below the terminations the glaciers, which, though frequently
greater volume, not descend low 14,000 feet);
but, owing its complicated orography, there spot
the Bhyundar Khanta, where the two different landscapes are brought
into the same immediate field view.

Though the snow-slopes the north are much crevassed, and those
the south are steep and require some care, this pass not all
difficult compared with the Alpine standard, The G.T.S. inaccurate
both sides, but especially the south, where the number and extent
the glaciers greatly underrated, one those left out being some
miles length. Still, the map was the greatest use us, and
would enable mountaineer plan routes with considerable confidence.

The descent broken cirque cliffs over which the ice the
Thiapap-ka-bank (Garhwali Bhyundar) glacier tumbles, but
avoided them long traverse the west steep snow, and,
scrambling down rock gully, reached the dry glacier itself. Gradually
edged off the glacier towards its high right lateral moraine.
now saw the full face Hathi Parbat, from the western base which
large glacier rises, its head pass, practicable this side
least, which, according the G.T.S., would lead over the Juma
glacier. joins the Thiapap-ka-bank (Bhyundar) glacier about mile
below what shown its termination the G.T.S. Opposite this
junction camped, 3.30 p.m. There plenty juniper and good
shelter amongst the boulders, with water not far off, and the place
known Shem Kharak (12,800 feet). did not see the lake marked

continued down the moraine next morning (July 13) for
three-quarters hour, when reached the snout the Bhyundar
glacier altitude 12,000 feet. Our route now lay across the
most luxuriant meadows have met with this part the Himalaya.
waded through flowers cur waists— ferns, yellow lilies and
anemones, green fritillaries, purple monkshood, and the drier spots

t
di-
lar
hal
the

384 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

beautiful blue dwarf iris, and white and red wild strawberries,
forget-me-nots and large yellow king-cups the streams. Swallow-
tailed butterflies and small birds were flitting about all sides,
Altogether found its charm irresistible that camped
a.m. This spot was called Bhamini Daur our coolies. situated
altitude 11,650 feet, just where the Bhyundar river, which
been flowing south-westerly direction, makes sudden sharp turn
the south into the jaws extraordinarily abrupt defile.
were told, probably incorrectly, that this defile quite impassable
lower down. fortnight later passed the spot where enters
Vishnu river, mile below Pandukeswar.

left this camp July 14, going due west
obvious pass. After scrambling very steep grass slope beside
fine waterfall, emerged into hanging valley strewed with moraine
heaps, and into the upper (north-west) part which small glacier
descends. Passing below its snout, easy grass slopes, reached the
pass known the Khanta Khal The hypsometer gave
altitude 14,750 feet and the corrected Watkin aneroid 14,500
obtained fine five-plate panorama the peaks and glaciers the
north and east, which has been utilized for our map. the
clouds somewhat interfered with the view, but the wonderful
spike Nalikhanta, 21,713 feet, dominating stood out
glittering them. descended through wild glen Hanuman
Chatti (8500 feet), the descent 6000 feet miles being accom-
plished less than three hours. The beds avalanche snow the
nala extended almost down the village, and had some splendid
glissades whenever could get down into it.

Hanuman Chatti were the great route
Badrinath, which passed through July 15, pitching our camp
Mana village the same day. While waiting for Karbir and our
heavy camp come up, Mumm visited the junction Bhagat Kharak,
and Satopanth glaciers from which the sacred Alaknanda river issues,
while pushed Mana pass, and reconnoitred the western
approaches Kamet. suggest that the name Sarasutti, given the

main river above Mana the really Saraswati, name

great historical interest and very ancient origin.

Just the Garbyang Bhotias trade with Purang over
the Lipu Lekh, the Milam Bhotias with Gyanema over the Untadhura,
and the Niti Bhotias with Daba over the Niti pass, the Mana
Bhotias carry the trade with Tsaprang and Toling (Totlingmath)
over the Mana Chirbattia pass. The gradients are easy, but the
going extremely bad for yaks, ponies, sheep, all which are used
for transport. upper half the route lies over chaos unstable
rocks all shapes and sizes. The distance from the highest village,
Mana, the pass miles. can done men four days,

but

are-

{
a ste
Kha
little
the
west
Khai
rock:
the

the
alrea
surve

mini
and
Scape
glaci
and

Tibet
and ¢

symp

Mus

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 385

but pack-sheep take least week. ‘The chief encamping grounds

Ilypsometer. G.T.S
Balbala 15900) 15,250 ~—

July made short reconnaissance towards Kamet. Leaving
Ghastoli 6.45 a.m., proceeded the valley past Khaiam
foran hour and half, and then turned east into hanging valley over
moraine-strewn slope. The ice what might fitly named the
Khaiam glacier descends 15,400 feet. Ascending this glacier for some
little struck the ridge the south, p.m. reaching
the one its peaks altitude 17,550 feet. the
west was the Bidum glacier, and east-north-east Kamet itself. The
Khaiam glacier probably forms the most practicable route the attack
this peak. the south was the Ghastoli peak, marked 18,002
feet the G.T.S. certainly seemed higher, and think the
altitude wrongly marked. had very good climb down the
rocks the reverse side the ridge the glacier which enters
the Mana valley just above Ghastoli, and which would attach that
name. The ice descends about 15,000 feet.

European seems have visited the Mana pass since the visit
the surveyor, Mr. Pocock, 1874, during which visit, have
mentioned, reached the great altitude 22,040 feet.
survey appeared have been exceedingly well done.

extremely scarce, though grass and flowers are found
great altitudes. the pass itself, 18,000 feet, found Primula
minutissima, Parrya lanuginosa, and a draba,* all in flower. The gneiss
and crystalline schists extend the water-parting, but the land-
the side suggests later formation. The Abijugan
glacier appeared the time visit lie exactly across the pass,
and discharge streams both towards the and the Alaknanda,

From the number and extent the glaciers this part the
Tibetan frontier, concluded that the rainfall must considerable,
and certainly greater than further east.

During the whole the week spent the upper Mana valley
felt the effects the high altitude severely, though the mythical
symptoms etc.) that dread disease, mountain sickness,

For these thank Mr. Edmund Baker, the British
Museum.

386 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

were absent. The guides and Gurkhas showed weakening their
powers, though had hard time. experienced very bad weather,
with high winds and frequent snowstorms, and our doings were finally
cut short the breaking the rains July abandoning all
hope further ascents, the whole party descended Joshimath, and
July recrossed the Kuari pass.

Next day Bruce and Mumm left for Kashmir, taking the guides down
with them, while went off long-cherished scheme visit the
valleys the west Trisul, and that the Sukeram glacier the
south-east. this means hoped link the knowledge had
gained 1905 with that last year, and thus possession
fairly comprehensive view the orography the Nanda Devi group.

the Peri-Sutol valleys have nothing new add, nor any fault
find with the maps. found that the G.T.S. peak, 21,286 feet, was
universally known the local people Nanda The two
terminal nalas Silla Samudhar and Ghingtoli have been very rarely
visited Europeans, and would well repay further study.

the latter part August visited Sunderdunga. This more
correctly written Sonadhunga, which means the Golden Rock
celebrated for the gold which used obtained washing the river
gravel there, and also for the number and malignancy the local
demons, who are particularly averse the human voice. the result
five observations, obtained 10,636 feet the altitude the
shepherds’ huts, which agrees very well with the barometrical value,
10,620 feet, the The place approached very bad
jungle track the valley the Sunderdunga (or river,
the distance from the hamlet Jatholi, though only miles, taking
six hours cover.

August visited the Maiktoli glacier, which descends from
between the peaks 22,360 feet (sometimes known East Trisul),
and 21,858 feet, height about 12,500 feet, according
the G.T.S. the black gorge which leads from Sona-dhunga this
glacier permanent snow-bed, the walls the gorge being narrow
that the sun can never penetrate its recesses sufficiently melt
formed avalanches winter snow, and careful examination
reveals most the usual glacier phenomena, such crevasses, lateral
moraines, and ice-tables, all course minute scale. This snow-
bed indicated the map. Its altitude between 500 and 1000 feet
above Sona-dhunga, which would make about 11,000 11,500 feet
above sea-level.

August started the Sukeram Nala, and camped for four
nights the shepherd’s cave, known Sukeram Udiar, 12,570 feet.
this spot beautiful blue poppy (sp. meconopsis) was very abundant.
had the plane-table with me, but the rains were not yet over, and
unsettled weather prevented from doing much had hoped.

til

an

bhi

tai

on

lat

acc

nu

poi

the

the

il),
his
eral
Ow-
feet
feet

four
feet.
lant.

and
yped.

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL. 387

However, August reached the great southerly bend the
Sukeram glacier, and mounting the summit the left lateral moraine,
which very unusual type, had fairly good view the upper
part the glacier from height 15,500 feet. place the ridge
shown the G.T.S., between the peaks 22,360 feet and 20,010
feet, forming water-parting between the Kurumtoli and Sukeram
glaciers, saw that these two peaks were entirely separated the
Sukeram glacier, which rises from the south-western flanks the
peak 22,360 feet, and the southern slopes 22,490 feet,
and constantly fed avalanches from the former peak. The massif
centring the G.T.S. peak, 20,010 feet, which the Danpurias the
upper Pindar valley call Simmu Saga, entirely cut off from the
East ridge, forming southern outlying group its own,
Chakuri Jhaba was given the name the second peak, 18,517
feet. This group sends down three glaciers towards the Sukeram,
two which unite with the main ice-stream. have already pointed
out that the glacier shown the joining the Kurumtoli
glacier its eastern side does not fact so. represents
the head the Sukeram glacier itself, which lies great shelf
tilted towards the west. The snout descends 13,200 feet,
and shows signs recent recession. the lower part the glacier
shot bharhal. was interesting find that the local shikari did
not recognize it, but called thar jemlaicus), which
there are large numbers about here. was very loth accompany
all, and had not been for the presence the two Gurkhas,
would probably have run away from this demon-haunted glen.
appears certain European native had previously visited the
glacier itself, and failed find any sportsman who had ever heard
this locality. offers very favourable field for the moun-
taineer who not merely actuated the desire break records.

hope that evident from what have written that criticisms
the work the G.T.S. are made captious spirit. The triangu-
lation the main features the country well known extremely
accurate, and considering all the circumstances under which the survey
was made, the errors the topographical details are surprisingly few
number, and importance from political, strategical, economical
point view.

Nores.

the foregoing paper the words right” and left” are used
their true orographical sense, unless directly stated otherwise
the context.

The map which accompanies this based upon the fixed points

Geographical Journal, vol. 29, 210.

0

re

er

1e,

er, :

388 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

the G.T.S. inch mile. The the Rishi and
valleys from plane-table survey the scale inch
miles, carried out Havildar Damar Sing Rana, 5th Gurkha Rifles,
with little help from myself. few portions this area, which
did not penetrate, and the rest the ground covered us, are drawn
from corrections the made the spot myself, and from
photographs taken various occasions Mr. Mumm and

The altitudes have been taken with two hypsometers and two
(44 and inch) Watkin mountain aneroids. immensely indebtod
Meteorological Department India, who has most kindly had thirty-
two hypsometer and ninety-seven Watkin aneroid observations
out for me. observation has been worked out separately,
they only deal with some sixty places. The meteorological observatory
Muktesar, 7500 feet, close Almora, has been taken the lower
station. From May September the maximum variation the daily
mean was only inch. The Smithsonian tables have been used
throughout, preference Airy’s tables, which would give higher
values. am, however, entirely responsible for the final results
given this paper.

The great majority our camps have teen fixed one, two,
three hypsometer readings, but obviate any overestimation, 200 fect
has been subtracted from each result. Mr. Reeves assures that this
more than sufficient allowance for the probable error. the same
places sometimes many seven observations were taken with the
Watkin aneroids. Combining these results with abont half dozen
G.T.S. values, bave very good series control observations for the
Watkin aneroids, from which the rest the altitudes, and the differences
altitude mentioned the text, are obtained. Both aneroids invari-
ably but consistently underestimated the height, doubtless due the
fact that owing our great mean elevation during five months they
had kept constantly closed (i.e. out action), and that never
gave them more than half minute error has been
averaged and allowed for, but all odd feet have been cut off, that
the results are given throughout round figures, not believe
that barometric hypsometric method determination can
relied upon mountainous country. Most the altitudes
determined are given brackets. the case the level
which the various glaciers are stated descend, must
that, owing the accumulation moraine stuff the snout, often
impossible tell exactly how far the ice itself actually extends.
rule the G.T.S mistakes heavily morained ice for terra firma.

indebted Prof. Garwood for naming some geological
specimens, for the loan plane-table, and for much valuable advice

before left England.

0.
tr
| ta
gr
for
the
thi
cal.
tu
dis
whi
emi
top
whi
fort
Jou
com

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL—DISCUSSION. 389

Before the paper, the (Mr. Freshfield, Vice-President) said:
paper read to-night explorations the Himalaya. Since only two
months ago that had very interesting paper from Dr. Workman his
explorations the Himalaya, may seem you somewhat soon return the
same region. may point out, will not say excuses, but reasons why
should find ourselves paying more frequent attention the mountainous portions
the globe. exploration on, the level, comparatively level, regions are
naturally the soonest exhausted, and adventurers turn tae unexplored regions,
either the snows the Poles the snows the Peaks. another
might allege: that the Himalaya term which covers ex-
ceedingly wide tract country. not impute any Fellow present any lack
intimate knowledge the Himalaya, but but recollect that this hall
was asked, when went Kangchenjunga few years ago, whether had been
treading the track Sir Martin Conway. Now, the distance between
Kangchenjunga and the scene Sir Martin Conway’s travels equivalent that
between the Gross Carinthia and Mont Perdu the heart the
Pyrenees. Therefore, though may talking about the Himalaya, are not
talking about the same region. Dr. paper description district
the centre the Himalaya, roughly speaking, north Agra. you look for
your atlases, you will find just the west that long green caterpillar
that crawls along the back India, the native state Nepal.

With regard the author the paper, does not require any introduction
this audience. must doubly welcome, first the son father who,
when His late Government found themselves inadequate support the
great Antarctic Expedition, made possibility, and secondly, because already
know Dr. Longstaff here. published paper the Journal
February, 1907, his previous Himalayan journey company with Mr. Sherring.
The present expedition is, should remind you, the the proposal, the un-
fortunately unsuccessful proposal, that was made Majesty’s present Govern-
ment, that expedition should sent, cost the nation, but entirely
the cost those who were undertaking it, explore the neighbourhood Mount
Everest, and ascertain the accessibility the mountain the world.
When the present Cabinet refused leave that expedition, the members the
Alpine Club who were prepared undertake diverted their thoughts some-
more modest kind, and out the journey which will now
call upon Dr. Longstaff give you

After the paper, Mr. have listened with very great pleasure
the graphic description which Dr. Longstaff has given Himalayan
district, one the most graphic descriptions have ever had this
sure have all followed his adventures with the keenest iuterest, and that
only interpreting the sentiments every here present saying that
have thoroughly enjoyed his lecture and the most beautiful series photographs
which has put before to-night. regret that since are pre-
eminently Early Closing Association, Dr. Longstaff has been unable give
the solid results his journey, the mass observations, geographical and
topographical, which and his have made. However, remember
what Sir Murchison said forty years ago, when first read paper
before the Society. them your adventures, and print your results.” And
fortunately shall have the advantage reading early number the
Journal the full results this remarkable expedition. Dr. Longstaff and his
companions have done very work, and they have been fortunate
exploit, which may perhaps more appreciated the Alpine

r
8
T
is
16
n
cs
ri-
ey
rer
ve
8
10
ten
ical
vice

390 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION

Club than here, the conquest That mountain has two
the first place, has been triangulated, and therefore there can dispute
its height; and, the second place, one the historical, perhaps should
rather say one the legendary, peaks India, one those great pinnacles
everlasting snow which look down upon the heated inhabitauts the plains, and
are associated them with the Abode Deity. sure shall also interpret
the sense this meeting, express our keen sympathy with Dr.
companions, Major Bruce, who has done more, perhaps, than any man for
Himalayan exploration his training the Gurkhas, and also with Mr.
for the unfortunate, though happily temporary accidents, which prevented them
both from taking part that crowning mercy, the ascent Trisul.

Dr. Longstaff has, like all Himalayan travellers, had suggest corrections
the topographical detail Survey maps. have said Himalayan travellers, but
might have dropped the adjective, for all mountaineers the same
Napoleon the Great was the founder European cartography the political
sense, General Dufour was the founder scientific mountain cartography.
Swiss Survey the only one which extensive alterations have not had
made since the snows came explored mountaineers. Twenty-five years
ago, when mountaineers first went India, they doubt, some them, ex-
pressed criticisms They were misunderstood, and certain amount
antagonism was excited between surveyors and climbers, that has happily
long passed away, and, they sometimes criticize, there are people the world
well able appreciate the merits the Indian maps and the difficulties under
which they were constructed those who wander among the hitherto inaccessible
recesses the mountains. One the first-fruits the cordial understanding that
now exists the fact mentioned here some months ago, that the Geological
Survey India are undertaking series measurements the movements
glaciers, such were first instituted the Alpine Club Europe. There
further suggestion should like make—that the idea starting India
Himalayan Club, first suggested the Kashmir surveyor, Mr. Johnson, should
followed up. Such body might great deal, collecting observations and
publishing journal, assist mountaineers; might study the question
reaching the highest altitudes. have several suggestions that might make
how any attempt should made reach 29,000 feet, but see among the
audience friend Mr. Woolley, President the Alpine Club, and will leave
that branch the subject him.

notice that the last meeting, when discussed the Himalaya, Dr.
Longstaff referred, has again to-night, Mr. Graham’s ascents. These
ascents were made too early. years ago they were ridiculed India,
and they are still disbelieved many people, whose opinion worthy con-
sideration, this country. This was great extent Mr. Graham’s own fault.
described his travels without any the precision detail which expected
the modern explorer. But was mainly responsible for bringing them before
the attention this Society, must confess having felt certain satisfaction
finding that the two main grounds upon which they have been disputed have
fallen through. One ground was that was impossible climb above 20,000 feet
the pace which Mr. Graham said climbed. Dr. Longstaff has climbed
faster the same altitude. The second was, that Kabru was inaccessible
Now, October last two Norwegians climbed the summit ridge
Kabru. With regard these two plucky Norwegians, would add few
words, They reached the summit ridge Kabru between the two peaks, but did
not either top. They started too late, and they had much step-cutting, and

ad’
the
rac
tain
cone
lam
have
| glaci
same
differ
both
scene
them
trate,
Kame
Their
one
the
have
Nanda
had
rocky
and

before
action
feet
imbed
ridge
few

did mountains, and one found instead that the glacier went down the other side

disappeared round the corner the way the Gadmenthal. That, course,

and

THE HIMALAYA GARHWAL—DISCUSSION. 391

time prevented them. They climbed apparently 23,800 23,900 feet. But

not fear that going trouble you with any discussion records.
was born before records were invented, and old mountaineer may give
advice his younger friends, would strongly recommend them follow Dr.
example—not insist too much records, think more getting
the tops their peaks, and less getting higher than their rivals. For record
mountaineering is, after all, very fleeting possession, very transitory joy.
The spirit the Alpine Club has never been, may say so, one self-
advertisement jealousy; bas rather been one which might expressed

the words (slightly altered) living poet, the Poet Laureate the English
race, Mr. Rudyard Kipling—

And one shall climb for money, and one shall climb for fame,
But each for the joy the climbing.”

And would add, for the memory after-years.

will now ask Dr. companion, Mr. Mumm, address us.

Mr. Mumm: There are two things wish say persons about moun-
taineering Garhwal first, they should take the precaution being somewhere
between twenty-eight and thirty-five years age, and, secondly, they should
concentrate, and not try cover too much ground. was largely due
neglect the first these points that did little climbing the first part
journey; was disregard the second which led none doing very
much the second stage it. course, new country which one not
likely return to, very tempting try see much possible, and
lam not sure that did not get much pleasure from our actual wanderings
Ishould have done had wandered less and climbed more. But you cannot
both ways. the Alps you can have both ways. You can over
glacier passes traverse the tops need never sleep two nights the
hotel. But when you have got carry your hotel about with you,
different matter. There magnificent field Garhwal for mountain travel
both kinds. For the wanderer there are the great glaciers, all abounding superb
and many still wholly unknown and surprises. They are most
them very accessible; indeed, their moraines are almost the only places Garhwal
which you get decent place walk. for the climbing
they are simply limitless; but you want climb, you must, said, concen-
trate, and you must not yield too much the spell the great giants. think
Kamet was our party rather will the wisp. Our Italian guides, the Brocherels,
were always pining the top something: they didn’t trouble themselves
whether was 23,000 21,000 feet, nor whether had name not.
Their attitude was, Here are the mountains: they are big, they are difficult,
has been them; what more can anybody want?” think this attitude
the one most likely lead successful climbing the Himalaya. should
like nothing better than return Garhwal that frame mind, and
Ihave beautiful programme for next visit. should not near Kamet
Nanda Devi; there would lots climbing, and should only shift camp
one day’s march each time. should finish the glacier above Gameali,
distance, and had very curious experience. was very much one
started from the Furca Hotel explore the Rhone glacier, relying map
showed that the upper part the glacier was surrounded circle

nt
ble
cal
is to
the
eave
Dr.
con-
fault.

392 EXPEDITION

what you find when you the Rhone glacier; not prepared
guarantee that the same thing happens with the glacier above but that
what looked like. had shelter from snowstorm for long time, and
when got the point from which bebaviour the glacier was
visible, was too late any further, and that little topographical problem
had left unsolved. have referred it, partly because good illus.
what was saying about the interest attaching glacier exploration
these regions, partly also because the one interesting thing that found out
all myself. clearing that problem will the last the
programme next time Garhwal. Only afraid there never will
next time.

Mr. regret not able make any important comment
the very interesting description which have listened, have never
greater height than 18,500 feet, and have never suffered directly from
effects diminished atmospheric pressure, whereas believe that the serious
effects supply oxygen with man good training,
about 20,000 feet. problem with regard the height attainable
pedestrian has very interesting stage. Taking the highest point
hitherto 24,000 feet, Dr. Workman, who gave address here some weeks
ago, seems think that, owing the great loss strength and vitality due
the difficulty the limit will reached, even easy
within the next 3000 4000 feet. Dr. Longstaff more hopeful, and his party
did not seem affected anything like the same degree Dr.
party. But Dr. Longstaff will probably admit that order reach the higher
summits—say 26,000 feet and upwards—it will necessary have two
The first party, lightly equipped practicable, will complete the final ascent;
the second party, also composed experts, will the first party far
possible, and that point keep them supplied with necessaries, and relieve
them all labour except the actual labour locomotion. will interesting
experiment these lines can tried mountain presenting very
great climbing difficulties. Dr. photographs were very beautiful and
instructive, and some the most striking views were those the gorges
what wonderfully effective cutting instrument mountain torrent is. have
listened the description this evening with the greatest interest ard pleasure, and
very glad have this opportunity congratulating Dr.
notable ascent Trisul.

Sir Tuomas have nothing but admiration express for the
and the ability which Dr. Longstaff has shown this very

expedition, and nothing but admiration for those photographs, which
incidentally prove most conclusively that certainly did ascend the
summit Trisul. But there just one point which should like make
and isa which was suggested me. was leaving the
the this afternoon, and passing through the Burlington Areade, that
possible, and has always been impossible, for the Survey Department India
undertake the topographical survey such remote regions have been visited
climbers into our service order obtain certain scientific observations
would the utmost value future. need not remind you that barometrical
observations for altitude are really very little value. not say that they
value, because certainly the absence any other method
altitudes, they are better than bu! observation taken

clea
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staf

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th:
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tha
and
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said

are

mint,

rically,

that say, observed altitude from known height, far more con-
clusive observation for finding the altitude distant peak than any barometric
determination. one those peaks the Himalayas which has been
exceedingly well fixed. know precisely its position, and its altitude almost
exactly; say almost because there are certain corrections, certain weaknesses about
those observations, which require eliminating, and the greatest weakness the fact
that never know exactly what tricks refraction may playing high altitudes.
Now, observation taken from low station high and its alti-
tude fixed that way, the error which may refraction
considerable. If, the other hand, the observation can taken back from that
high peak the point from where the observation was taken, that source error
entirely eliminated. Not only eliminated, but value for the error induced
refraction obtained, which will serve most useful purpose determining the
altitude other peaks. Now year year are demanding from explorers and
from mountaineers more and more close observation, more scientific application
their work than bas been hitherto accorded it.
that late years have succeeded getting more. marvellous how
men who succeed attaining these great altitudes can ever the
amount resolution that necessary order take the persistent and constant
observations which are necessary for scientific purposes; but this case must
ask them take one more. they will only observe from those high peaks what
the angle depression some point from which that angle elevation has
been taken, they will doing immense service scientific surveying. think
asking this are really not asking very much, for not necessary convey
any very heavy instruments the tops peaks for this purpose, that hope
future that amongst Himalayan climbers may find some who will work
hand-in-hand with the professional surveyors India, and give real assistance
their observations. Dr. Longstaff referred the ascent Kabru
Mr. Graham. Now, there was never any doubt whatsoever the minds any
professional surveyors that Mr. Graham did make very notable ascent, and did
succeed attaining altitude which hai probably never been reached before.
The doubt was whether had ever succeeded reaching that particular
peak which have reached, and the points which the doubt arose
were not exactly those described the Chairman. was here when Mr.
lecture was read, and conviction was that had not quite succeed
identifying his own position. quite clear from what have heard to-night
that, whatever point reached, did not succeed identifying Mount Everest,
and said that found elsewhere, looking round him, that the trigono-
metrical survey India was all wrong, and that there were mountains where there
ought valleys, and valleys where there ought mountain ranges, there
still remains mind some explanation necessary for this very extraordinary
phenomenon. possible that, whilst failed recognize the peaks around
him from Kabru, was actually the point supposed himself
not know whether these years that doubt will ever satisfactorily
cleared up, but would have been those days immense advantage him
had possessed what Dr. apparatus, and
photographer capable illustrating the fact that was the top the peak.
have nothing more say, except join with others conzratulating Dr. Long-
staff what certainly very remarkable and will very memorable
Mr. propose call Sir Martin Conway, but would first
make one remark reply Sir Holdich’s criticism with regard what just
said about trigonometrical altitudes. describing them indisputable, meant

No.

think you will all agree

us
ng,
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ied
eks
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ent;
far
lieve
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and
have
and
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that
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visited
whiel

394 MOUNTAINEERING EXPEDITION HIMALAYA

relatively tinal. must point out that twenty years ago, after consultation with
Mr. Whymper, criticized the determination 29002 feet given for the highest
mountain the world, and suggested that until had been measured from some
points where the effects refraction were likely Jess serious thau the plains
India, its height could not considered absolutely fixed.

Now, want ask Sir Martin Conway tell something about the so-
called nieve You may that two months ago Dr. Workman
described having seen the Himalaya series snow-pinnacles similar those
which have been very minutely described Sir Martin Conway the
not know Sir Martin aware it, but they were seen before him another
South American traveller, who not only found collection those extraordinary
snow-pillars, but one them which served pedestal for the frozen carcass
horse, what may call cheval perché. the unfortunate animal
had perished the snow the winter. The traveller question was Dr. Darwin,
hope Sir Martin Conway will able tell whether the phenomena described
Dr. Workman seem him similar those which saw the Andes, and also
whether accepts Dr. Workman’s description their causes: first wind, and then
sunshine. would suggest that, these snow-pillars exist other regions than
the Andes, should find some English and less far-fetched term describe them.
That nieve penitente was derived from fanciful resemblance procession
white-robed penitents.*

Sir Conway: this late hour, afraid would impossible
very deeply into this question nieve penitente, and think should hardly
justified referring all, were not that one the photographs,
taken, believe, Dr. Longstafi’s former expedition, there seemed
some appearance rudimentary nieves the foreground. saw examples
the Karakorams, and have heard none observed the Himalayas except Dr.
Workman the Nun Kun range. almost only, far know, South
America, and within certain definite limits latitude, that they occur. are
certainly phenomenon confined within regions low latitude, and they have
nothing whatever with the wind. they were caused winds, they would
have been found polar regions. are caused undoubtedly the melting
relatively vertical sun. impossible describe very briefly and without
illustration the manner their origin, but has been completely and
accounted One peculiarity that they have that the major axis their
horizontal section lies always approximately east and west, unless there should
mountains that shade them from the morning evening sun, when their axes may
somewhat twisted towards south-east south-west. was observing this twist
and the cause for that first opened eyes the true origin nieve penitente
the explanation gave has since been generally accepted.

Prof. spite the early-closing rule mentioned the President,
cannot refrain from adding congratulations those which have already been
offered Dr. Longstaff and his companions. There are many points great interest
the paper. will to-night allude only one these, namely, the character
the valleys below the snow-line, shown the screen. think that every one must
agree that they are essentially water-cut gorges, and that ice had little nothing

with their formation. Again, that stream which appeared cross water-
shed seems point unmistakably phenomenon that noticed also thie

For observations this phenomenon the Andes and Kilimanjaro and
discussion its origin, see Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft fiir Erdkunde Berlin, 1908,
No. and also the present number.

Ww

10

of

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do

all

. rel

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1908,

FURTHER EXPLORATION THE TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS. 395

Sikhim Himalayas, namely, the evidence elevation the whole mountain
recent date. The rivers here also appear have received additional
power enable them cut those wonderful gorges, some which,
think the author said, were 1700 feet deep. ‘The fact that they have not been
widened atmospheric agents points conclusively their very recent origin. The
retreat the glaciers shown also this district another point great interest.
The presence hanging” valleys occurring the main valleys themselves
most suggestive phenomenon, and one which recently called attention the
Alps. very instructive find the same thing here, proving again that
glaciers must, till recently, have protected their beds from the downward erosion
water such took place the valley the termination the
this late hour will only once more add congratulations this very admirable
expedition.

Mr. have had very interesting paper, followed
interesting and important discussion, which various points scientific interest
have been raised. have already informally expressed the thanks the Society
the reader the paper, Dr. Longstaff.

Dr. afraid have not made clear that was not the leader
the expedition. all three worked together the best our abilities, but
any one deserves the title will only mention one other
reference the irreconcilability his maps with the actual configuration
the country applies the Rishi valley and not anything that saw from
Kabru. would add that our largest cameras were quarter-plate size, every
ounce has considered when coolies are not available.

FURTHER EXPLORATION THE TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS
Dr. GOTTFRIED MERZBACHER.

rigour winter has for some time interrupted scientific pursuits
aud forced take quarters here. make use the opportunity
communicate some particulars respecting the course expedition
down date.

departure from Munich was made April 17, 1907, company
with H.R.H. Prince Arnulf Bavaria, who, chiefly for the sake the
big game abounding their valleys, had determined travel the
Tian-Shan. The impulse the journey came chiefly from the Prince.
The invitation join him with which honoured was, however,
all the more grateful inasmuch had for some quite consider-
able time been cherishing the wish follow researches the
Tian-Shan, and most generous manner His Royal Highness
rendered the prosecution scientific pursuits Un-
happily His Royal Highness, after happy hunting expedition pursued
without adverse incident any consequence, and after his return
complete health Europe, succumbed Venice, October last
year, inflammation the lungs. The early and unexpected death

Dated Kulja, February 1908,”

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EXPLORATION THE TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS.

noble patron casts dark shadow expedition which was
entered with such joyful expectations.
His Royal Highness and passed into the heart Asia way
the Caucasus, Transcaspia, and Turkestan. Tashkent foregathered
with the other partners the expedition: Kurt Leichs
Francis Kostner, from Corvara Tyrol, guide, who had already

Rockinger taxidermist Francis Borgar, from Eisenerz Styria,
Royal Highness’s hunter. From Tashkent travelled
through Semirechensk Issik Kul lake, and thence Kulja, where
the expedition was organized whence took its departure.
The reasons inducing make third journey into the
Shan mountains rest the consideration that, however rich the booty

observation heretofore gathered me, yet, closer

seemed supply but inadequate basis for investigations into

the history the more recent development the mountains. the

contrary, urgent necessity rather impelled draw within the

compass observations the eastern parts the central Tian-Shan,

including the chains stretching farther the east. The past year

was devoted the first part this programme. The expedition

chiefly occupied itself with the exploration the river-systems

the two greatest mountain rivers draining the northern slope the

central Tian-Shan,—Kok-Su and Agias. The valleys these two
mountain rivers, which, after flowing very considerable length
longitudinal valleys, suddenly bend round and pass into transverse
valleys, delivering their waters into the Tekes, had hitherto fallen

more within the scope sporting circles than within that scientific

explorers. English and more particularly Anglo-Indian hunters, allured

the abundance game these valleys, especially the extra-

ordinary size the ibex and wild sheep these regions, had repeatedly

picked them out for the arena their sport.

expedition, the hydrographic system the two rivers and

their most important tributaries were now investigated far their

highest sources, including the glaciers, hitherto totally unknown, lying

the valleys their sources. this investigation special attention

was paid the structure and the composition the mountains, also

the causes the peculiar valley formation. Not wishing forestall

the comprehensive report which left abeyance till after the close

the expedition, should like here, respect the two river regions,

only state brief that extent they fall short the glaciers the
great longitudinal valleys, Sary-Dokhas, Inylchek, ete. The biggest
them not reach beyond miles long. Their number and

diffusion, the other hand, are very great. particular parts, too,

the region, glaciation notable. The total extent territory covered

firn and ice far larger than had expected. This covering lies

FURTHER EXPLORATION TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS. 397

particularly thick the upper regions the headwaters the Agias,
also the region the chains parting the Agias from the winding
course the middle Kok-Su. Some the glaciers investigated are
distinguished uncommonly complicated structure. Such, are
those the great valley the Kopr-Sai, tributary the Agias, and
those the Khaptu-Su valley belonging the same river-system.

With respect the geological structure the territory examined,
confine myself the statement that, might expected from
the already published geological and results
former expedition, fundamental deviations indeed structure
and geological composition come light that part the Tian-Shan
recently brought within the sphere investigation, compared with
the regions before traversed. Yet withal there spring into notice
substantial differences concerning both the structure the mountains
and the distribution the different kinds rock. this part also
the Tian-Shan the kernel the mountain chain purely sedimentary
one, and the highest watershed between north and south formed
metamorphosed, presumably Lower Carboniferous limestones (marble,
dolomite). the system the watershed, besides, striking parallelism
structure becomes more and more evident. There here, the
other far thicker distribution certain rocks,
particularly quartz, porphyries, and related rocks, and part also
the younger porphyries, than the western central parts the
mountains. Leaving out account the great part which, the
formation the thick series crystalline slates, must attributed
processes, the influence contact-meta-
morphism exerted the eruptive rocks the surrounding masses
rock is, accordingly, beyond comparison more important. The participa-
tion, however, the granite the structure the mountains,
especially the interior chains, here falls substaniially short that
obtaining the dominant conditions the part. The gene-
rally steep uplift the layers and the predominance the north-
easterly trend constitute here, too, remarkable characteristics the
structure.

unexpected distribution and uncommon thickness are attained
the recent formations (red conglomerates, clays, marls, aud sand-
stones), characteristic the Central Asiatic mountains, the upper
territory, where they form independent chains rising over
feet. Till, however, have extended still farther east
observations these sediments, refrain from hazarding conclusive
judgment respecting the mode formation. All the same, should
like even here point out that seems mistake for any one
generalize too dogmatically this matter. The more occupied
the examination these formations, the more borne the
conviction that they are not explained from common

’
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vd
g
all
of
of
of
ies

398 FURTHER EXPLORATION THE TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS.

the contrary, the more become persuaded reference the
mode formation these deposits, and the face itself their very
varied character, that the deposits piled the interior basins
the mountains must distinguished from those deposited the
river-valleys, and these, again, from the recent formations deposited
along the edge the mountain system. Through extension
observations the eastern chains, hope position throw
more light this difficult problem.

unusual extent and good preservation are the traces the
diluvial Ice age many parts, visited me, the mountain system.
Convincing evidence has also come hand favour the opinion
form rly pronounced (“An Expedition into the Tian-Shan
that, respect also these mountains, several larger
phases revolution, with intervals periods retrogression, must
assumed. Mus-tamas valley, there lies over well-preserved old
moraines diluvial gompholite; above this again thick moraine, which
its turn next covered more recent and above these
again are piled masses moraine the most recent Ice age.
Saksan-Teke (tributary the Kok-su) valley consolidated old moraine
was found, ground smooth advancing ice later period. the
Agias valley seen beautiful example the sliding younger
moraine over older, whereby sand-clay deposit, intercepted between them,
got dislodged extraordinary manner.

Similar demonstrations
offer themselves plenty.

Altogether, would not easy find
spot where, manner more convincing than here, the explorer
is, step step, reminded how great part the present configuration
the mountain system due powerful climatic oscillations, and
how great moisture and great drought have repeatedly
alternated one with the other. Only under such conditions are
satisfactorily explained the peculiarities the valley this
region-—its diversity, its manifold ramifications. these conditions
observation was specially directed.

the conclusion labours the two great river-systems
mentioned, turned anew the great Musart valley with view
filling certain gaps knowledge this region. The more
important lateral valleys, whose acquaintance had missed making
former occasion, were now looked up. The glacier system, again,
the uppermost basin the valley enclosing wonderful ice-currents
exceedingly rich articulation, could this time more minutely
examined and sketched. this way shall also enabled adjust
statements made respecting the course certain glacier valleys radiat-
ing from the central massif, embodied former report travels
Expedition into the Tian-Shan Mountains”) and the map
accompanying it.

the course and towards the conclusion the year’s expedition,

the
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FURTHER EXPLORATION THE TIAN-SHAN MOUNTAINS. 399

the opportunity has presented itself several times turning greater
attention than heretofore the structure the secondary chains
extending from the river Tekes.

Unfortunately, the labours the expedition were encroached upon
and retarded uncommon degree the weather the past summer
and autumn, wet and unfavourable beyond all precedent. Out four
summers passed Tian-Shan this last was the most
will fair idea the kind weather dealt out remark
that the course six months had but nine days completely
free from precipitation. Under almost exclusively west winds there
came almost every day rain snowfall. The whole period glacier-
melting reckoned hardly six weeks. the beginning
July most the glacier currents were readily crossable, and the
middle August the water from the melted ice offered any
obstruction. Frequently the middle summer were transported
into truly winter landscape. middle September winter set
the mountains his stern rule, longer subject any relaxation,
rule which extended far down into the foothills.

will understood how, under such conditions, there can talk
retreat the glaciers. Almost everywhere the glaciers betokened
stability some cases inclination advance. needs few
more such years induce general advance the glaciers the
mountain system. Exceptions from these conditions could observed
only the territories the upper waters the Kurtai and the Jirgalan,
where the glaciers were decisively vigorous retreat. Further par-
ticulars this subject reserve for the later comprehensive report.

The abnormal weather did not rest confined the high mountains.
All over Semirechensk unusually heavy and continuous precipitations
were experienced, with markedly lowered temperature.
situations, Varynkol (Okhatnishi) and other places, the corn could
aot led in. many parts Turkestan, too, increase pre-
cipitation has for number years been observed, especially the
past year. The following data owe the kindness the director
the Tashkent Astronomico-Physical Observatory, Colonel Ossipoff

Mean annual precipitation
during the ten years

ending Dec, 31, 1906. In 1907
Sarmarkand ,.. one 13195 inches ... 19°528 inches

The figures the two last entries the above table cover only
eleven months, the exclusion December.

appears from the notable investigations Berg, the surface
the Aral, also Lake Balkhash, steadily rising. Further data have
since been obtained demonstrating the continuation this ascending

1
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400

THE OBSERVATION DESERT SAND-DUNES.

movement, which involves also the Ala-Kul lake. may,
assumed that for Central Asia there has set the beginning
period great precipitation, climatic oscillation, the duration
and importance which nothing definite can course yet said,
Here Kulja, where compelled put for some time till
again possible travel, the course the winter abnormal. began
about the middle October, full month, namely, before its usual time,
and continues ever since with uninterrupted rigour and with extra-
ordinarily abundant snowfall. The staff the Belgian Mission Station,
which has now been planted here for sixteen years, have memory
any winter all approaching this one magnitude snowfall. ‘The
snowy mantle has now thickness feet, and since New Year the
temperature oscillates between —4° and Fahr., with extraordinarily
violent and frequent barometric oscillations. lists
ought this time quite peculiarly interesting data.

Dr. Leuchs having, the beginning December, begun his return
journey, hope, the beginning March, the arrival new

geological coadjutor, Dr. Groeber, start once more for the
mountains,

THE OBSERVATION DESERT SAND-DUNES.
VAUGHAN CORNISH,

following suggestions for observations desert sand-dunes have
been formulated reply the letter intending traveller
North have various times been called upon for such notes
travellers proceeding Australian, Indian, and other deserts, and

occurred me, therefore, that such suggestions might use
other Fellows the Society.

think the most pressing thing dune-study the measurement
trausversely series ridges sufficient size called sandhills,
such that the lower layers are compacted weight, and possibly
moisture, although devoid foreign binding material, such as,
redeposited carbonate lime. The point ascertain
comprising many ridges will give average ratio—

Length from crest crest
P = app nately ).
Height from trough crest

the Geographical Journal, January, 1900, will seen that
found this hold for les dunes elementaires (as, think, French observers
call them) when averaged up, this being the same ration for each
the well-known ripples loose surface sand.

several such cross-sections can obtained different localities,

the
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THE OBSERVATION DESERT SAND-DUNES. 401

the results cannot fail valuable whether the figures con-
firmatory otherwise, provided there sufficient number con-
secutive ridges included each group. The amount time
one’s disposal being always controlling factor the work
traveller, would lay down the following rule for these measurements,
viz. include many ridges possible, and measure with less minute-
ness rather than use time refined measurements short series
waves

good check this measurement long series take the
cross-measurement two consecutive waves (three ridges) the same
group number different places and average them up.

Second only interest the above are the following points, viz.

Longitudinal extension.—In Sindh there are longitudinal dunes
formed, doubt not, wind action partly consolidated sand con-
taining some carbonate lime derived from addition
the processes for forming longitudinal structures described
paper Snow Drifts Journal, August, 1902), there has
also, think, Sindh, been process building long continuous
ridge filling between, and thus joining the comparatively short
residual longitudinal ridges left the cutting through the semi-
consolidated transverse ridges. would good plan look out
for such structures, and repetition such processes other deserts,
particularly where there some material make the sand more
particularly the lower layers.

There also observed, and more particularly described and
photographed, the longitudinal arrangement consecutive crescentic
dunes Also, understand that west the Nile there
tendency for the dune massif elongate itself indefinitely the
direction the wind. what one ought expect, the eddy
produced obstruction being always much longer than the width
height, and the transverse arrangement being only the wave-
structure, which necessarily comparatively small
ef. the elongated sandy shoals accumulated sheltered positions
rivers, and their transverse ridging current-waves and current-
ripples (such are described paper the Geographical Journal,
August, more particular observation these
elongated dune massifs, and the process which elongation
accomplished, are certainly desirable.

The third point which would draw attention the relation
dunes atmospheric and ground moisture. Water often easily
obtainable the foot large dune. Near the Nile delta this,
found, was often the cause the dune, sand-drift being slackened
where the sand was wetted. Elsewhere, the French Sahara, have
read that the moisture effect, not cause, the dune. The sand-
hill undoubtedly absorbs rain, and, think, holds the moisture its

1
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402 THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

lower layers. The dew effects observed upon the dunes are very
remarkable, even when there has been rain for weeks, and
for the rapid evaporation the day, one tempted think that
dew-ponds might formed, the porous chalk downs
Such moisture the lower part the dune, but, readily
evaporating the surface, allows the top layers redistributed
the daily breeze. strong and continuous winds remove the dry
and loose surface too rapidly, erosion forms are produced the com-
pacted underpart. Thus from several points view the relation
blown sand moisture worth studying.

desire draw attention the exaggerated effect certain
storms transporting sand, and even apparently holding the finer
particles suspension. This may probably due electrified
atmosphere. have found experiment that sand, though heavy,
readily and violently moved electrification, account, suppose,
the smallness the particles. have not myself gone much further
into the interesting but difficult question the effect electricity
upon the transport sand. may that such winds are responsible
some deserts for much the transport sand, whilst the ordinary
breezes most the modelling the sand-dunes.

The rate movement dunes is, course, interesting, but
unfortunately traveller can seldom deal with it.

Finally, whatever described should photographed, and
the photographs should, whenever possible, taken low morning
light low light shadow and relief; the morning, order avoid
the sandy haze the later day.

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

Captain return Russia 1901, after his prolonged absence
Tibet, put the finishing touch his exploration work compiling most
valuable scientific report the lands through which had passed. The following
pages are translation that part his narrative which deals with the expedi-
tion’s adventures from the time its leaving the Tsaidam the journey south till
reached

During March, 1900, made its way westwards along the northern bank the
lake Koko-nor, and, crossing the eastern reached April the fortified
post the Baron-Dsassak (longitude and latitude 36° 55” and 97° 47”;
height, feet above sea-level). Here was formed serve the purpose

Translated Captain Lindsay, 2nd King Edward’s Own Gurkha Rifles
the Geoyraphical Journal, 19, 576, summary account this
Expedition, 1899-1901, also Captain Kozloff.

q of a
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ian

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM. 403

base while Tibet, and here camel transport was The journey
onwards related Captain Kozloff

Narrative.

With the expedition’s arrival Tsaidam the curtain may said have come
down the first act. For whole year had lived amongst the
most part peaceful and good natured—learning about their country, studying their
mode for transport using camels, animal which Russians soon became
accustomed the line march, especially commanded experienced officers.
were compelled part company with these animals their stead
possess ourselves bull yaks, beasts live the mountains
and tablelands Tibet, where exist nationalities their manners
and customs the primitive Mongols their fierce and obstinate yaks are
camels.

Savage nature, the bull yak, when the line march, camp, when
always trying find opportunity goring his neighbour, regardless
whether the latter bull like himself, horse, human being. The worst

characters among them are recognizable the broken points their horns.

mountainous country they are slow travellers (from versts hour,
less), while they carry only the load average-sized camel.
As, addition this, yaks are more subject epidemic diseases than camels
they often prove more expensive mode transport.
The travelling with them are greater than when using the
deservedly so— ship the desert.”

transport animal, the bull khainik stands considerably higher. more
gentle and tractable, more used narrow footpaths, and certain extent
dignified. Consequently preserves its strength throughout the day’s march
instead wasting when leaving camp, yak usually does, uselessly
about from one side the road the other. The khainik is, course,
mucli more valuable, about thirty roubles, while transport yak can
generally bought for ten; that say, three times expensive the yak.
camel caravan can loaded more expeditiously than bull caravan,
the men the escort, divided into pairs, can work independently, and soon get the
caravan ready. ‘This impossible with bulls. Each animal has held one
men, while its load has lifted high the same least
four, two either The loading obstinate animals takes quite five minutes,
aud requires double the usual number men, while the baggage suffers

Having left the bulky and heavier loads our Tsaidam packed our
Tibetan reduced the smallest limits, small boxes, bags, and wallets.
The ideal load for yak pair ammunition boxes weighing, including the
felt lining, poods. But even after reducing our allowance the utmost, found
with thirty-five loads, carry took forty the majority
them being khainiks. Besides myself and immediate assistants, the personnel

ld. approximately.
Khainik, cross between bull yak and cow.

With khas, yaks lose their appetites, saliva pours out their mouths, and
eventually their drop

Camels are loaded differently. the tsok” and gentle pulling

the leading rope, they lie down, and the load need not lifted high off the ground.

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di-
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404 THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

the expedition consisted twelve grenadiers and cossacks,
the bull transport, which they were unaccustomed, four local Mongols
were engaged the Dadai and Chakdoor, from the village the
Dsun-dsassak, and the other two, Hardy and Jeroy, from the village the
Baron-dsassak. The first our native companions, Dadai, had previously accom-
panied Prjevalsky guide and Tibetan interpreter, when returning from

the Tsaidam his third journey Central Asia. addition these four
Mongols, commandeered Chinaman called Li, who knew Tibetan. was
fine-looking, powerful man, and, when not smoking opium, appeared well abie

climb the mountains Tibet. The party was thus brought
strength twenty men.

Besides the above, also took Ivanoff (who was charge our the
Tsaidam) far the lakes the upper Hwang and two selected Mongols
escort him the return journey. did this, feeling certain that, addition
the boat, would have take back large quantity skins mammals and
whatever else might collect, and therefore took, besides the bulls, three
transport camels and three ponies—one for each them.

Meanwhile the rays the spring sun were daily becoming more powerful.
The shrub and grassy vegetation, coming life again, beautified the bleak vale
the the air, which was fragrant with the aroma fresh vegetation,
the buzzing insects and the twittering swallows, soaring high above the
mud-walled fort, never ceased for days together. were
attracted the south, towards the mountains whose dark blue gorges were
becoming more clearly visible. one those nullahs our hermits
and Afutin, who were charge the camels—had for some time

past taken their quarters. addition the Mongol shepherd engaged
for the period the stay the their paucity numbers
was supplemented the dogs, which had been our faithful companions from the

day our start from Altaisk. take the latter’s place the Tibetan caravan,
bought from neighbouring Mongol huge Tibetan mastiff called Garza.

the middle May had completed our arrangements for the onward
journey, and the 17th that pleasant spring month was chosen for our start upon
the long and route. daybreak were all Loads,
and men filled the courtyard the fortress, while Russian, Mongolian, and Chinese
shouts intermingled break the morning silence. addition those who
were setting out, large crowd extraneous people had assembled, some whom
worked hard and were useful us, while others chattered lazily and were
hindrance. The loading the bulls was commenced but how different dealing
with camels! Several the obstinate brutes lay down others plunged about, and,
having broken away from their attendants, never rested till they had thrown their
loads. spent long time loading that narrow, confined space, and was

not till noon—the very hottest hour the day—that were last able leave
the settlement and wend our way into the open valley. Then were able
breathe more freely and look around After two three hours’ going, the

caravan, divided into three sections, was maintaining proper order and moving
steadily southwards. Looking back, all took leave the village, which seemed

now near and dear, and above which could clearly scen the
logical station, well the Russian ensign fluttering the breeze.

Muravieff,
who was doomed many days solitude, was standing one the flat roofs
watching the fast disappearing column.

Beyond the rugged, flinty waste which rises gradually towards the hills, the
Burkhan-Buddha range towers upwards, and one its nullahs—Nomokhun

AT.36°N.
Snow
Astron
Joma.
A
%
acco

PART EASTERN TIBET*

Barun Zasak Met Sta 98°

Routes he
ANKaznakoff
Astronomical
Monastery

Pass

Scale Miles

20 80 100
4 Nat Scale |: 4,000,000 or 63 stat miles «1! inch

gonchen

Ho:

LAT 29°N
LON 98° E

This map was prepared for vol. the Journal, which
for the different spelling the present translation.

its
.§ ho Lat <0
rd

406 THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

name—we had arranged camp. Close small stream wound its
gathering strength its onward journey from the bubbling, murmuring brooks
which tumbled into it, and instead dust and saline deposit, trod underfoot soft
patches green grass, and began hear the monotonous cry the
partridge (Caccabis chukar), wild pigeon, and other feathered

The name Burkhan-Buddha, adopted from the time Prjevalsky’s first journey
the name given the comparatively small (in extent) range* the
southern end the eastern Tsaidam. From this shut-in Central Asian
these mountains have the appearance solid uniform-shaped wall, supporting
height 17,000 feet fairly flat summit (only places does reach the line
eternal snows), where the streams rise which tumble down either side.

The foot the hills the northern side 10,500 feet above the sea, but the
southern side nearly 13,500 feet, though measuring scarcely versts the
top. both sides the nullahs are stony, wild looking, places very narrow and
dark, and, thanks the scarcity water, bare and bleak. few tiny rivulets,
issuing from the hills, bury themselves beneath the surface the ground, appearing
again the bottom the nullahs springs wells after their subterranean
journey. ‘These hills are composed clear granite, with admixture
clase, quartz, bisilicate, and also tonalit, gneiss-granite, gneiss,

stone, limestone with streaks pyroxene and epidote, calcareous spar, quartz, clay,
sandstone, and slate.

the way mammals were found wild yaks, wild goats sheep,
antelopes, marmots, hare, skunks, foxes, wolves, lynx, panther, and Tibetan
And birds there were white and brown vultures (Gyps himalayensis and
monachus), the lammergeyer (Gypaétus barbatus), the golden eagle
daphanea), the hawk alaudarius, owls,
brown owls, and occasionally even also the black raven (Corvus the
Alpine jackdaw (Fregilus graculus, Alpinus), wild pigeon (Columba
two kinds hill turkey wild partridge
chukar), mountain finches, jays humilis), blackbirds
cincla saxatilis), Accé ntor fulve scens, Motacilla, Budyte s citreola, Pratincola maura,
red-tails, peewits, martins, hill swallows, and many others.

The flowers only begin bloom the beginning summer.
entering the Nomokhun nullah found, the narrow patches
and amidst the thick brush-like grass, just opening out, yellow
dandelions and two kinds silverweed the
banks the stream were lagotis, and somewhat farther from the water, the
bare, dry, stony soil, termopsis; alongside this was the tiny Malcolmia, and
the same grassy patches near the rocks, where the full warmth the sun
felt, grew the beautiful iris.

Some versts higher the nullab, small re-entrants, came across white
potentilla, artemisia, androsace, pink draba, and bright yellow, sweet-smelling
gadea. Still higher and damper soil were carex, and growing amongst them
the small blue gentiana. places the ground was yellow with ranunculus and
three sorts iris—two lilac-coloured blue and one yellow.

During the next day’s march, saw growing the more tempting side
nullahs clumps very small primula, with pink petals. Here and there amongst
these dwarfs towered others, tall and full sap, with greyish-green leaves and

pinky-lilac, sweet-smelling petals. There were various kinds grasses, more

length not more than 100 versts; from the stream Nomokhun-khoto
the west the river Egrai-gol the east.

wea
the
exc
and
hill
day:
colle
and
snak
falle
had
fear
got |
and
amn
from
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grew
send
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we:
sou
last
hill
and
was
the
and
Bar
the
and
thes
rare

more

on

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM. 407

ranunculus and polygonum, just flower. These were along the bottom the
the clay hillsides grew three kinds astragalus, and tiny euphorbia
which literally covered the small mounds earth thrown the burrowing
marmots. found large quantities the above flora the inny south-
west side, and amongst the rocks was found the first and specimen the

Higher the hills came across the Przewalskia tangutica, the former hand-
some iris, pretty yellow pedicularis, ranunculus, two three saxifraga. three
last, ranunculus, and saxifraga, grew near water. clay, broken
was the yellow corydalis just coming into flower, alongside the ephedra
and light lilac-coloured soft grassland amongst resplendent primuias
was the Adonis The great cold coming every now and then had prevented
the gentians and violets from flowering the southern slope the flowers
were poorer and less developed, owing the colder mountain air; but the foot
the hills the southern side, sheltered places, found one two sweet-
smelling stocks

reached the northern foot the Burkhan-Buddha range the first evening,
and the second the Noyon-bulak (spring), where had arranged meet the
Here made our final preparations, and got together flock
some seventy sheep before proceeding further. After passing some nomad Mongols,
the expedition reached excellent camping-ground, where grazing was
and here decided stay for the best part week, learn more about
these hills and get better acquainted with our animals. This comparatively
long halt was all the good, accustomed our breathing-organs the
For our new companions this was especially necessary, the
weakest them this high altitude suffered considerable discomfort
the first few days, after which all went well, and were able make numerous
excursions the adjacent uninhabited nullahs. The hill flora daily began more
and more awaken, and consequently enrich our collection. reaching the
hill Laduigin, our indefatigable botanist, seemed rejuvenated, and spent whole
days the nullahs, carefully searching them. Kaznakoff, who was also expert
collector, amused himself getting together quantity invertebrate specimens,
and seemed thoroughly enjoy filling jars and bottles with the various kinds
beetles, and which were unknown him, not mention lizards and
snakes. was equally his element shooting birds and animals peculiar
Tibet. fact, with our arrival the hills mantle energy seemed have
fallen upon the members the party, and was vain purpose that the south
had loudly called from the Tsaidam’s inhospitable waste.

were still obliged keep our huge, fierce mastiff Garza the chain, for
fear its attacking the Mongols, including even its former owners. Since had
got know would attack all them, except those the Buriats who now
and again wore their national costume. The strength the beast was marvellous.
Once when barking excitedly some intruder dragged about after the heavy
ammunition-box poods) which had been fastened during the day, pulling
from place place. night used let loose, and the Mongols had,
consequence, careful where they went.

alas! cloud soon darkened our pastime the surrounding hills,
the shape the serious illness our Chinese interpreter. With each day
grew thinner and paler, that, much against will, was last compelled
send him first the charge the Baron-dsassak, and afterwards
when convalescent, his own Fu. discovered later that this
invalid (Li, the Chinese called him) was great trouble the dsassak,

AS
It
ne
nha
on
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an :
10-
ay
irs
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ing
hem
and
side
mast
|

408

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

compelling the latter produce whatsoever this licentious Chinaman desired
indulge in.

dawn May 27—a clear, frosty morning—we recommenced our march,
and nine o’clock had succeeded crossing the Burkhan-Buddha. The ascent
the pass was steep and stony, and the top covered with deep layer snow,
The height the pass—Nomokhun-dawan name—was, according
aneroid, 16,030 feet. The neighbouring peaks, towering one above the other amongst
the eternal snows, seemed thousands feet higher. The caravan made
time reaching the summit, with the exception one the camels, whicli
were obliged lead back and leave its own devices the first
flat grazing-ground could find, till our Mongols should return the
From the Tsaidam, which was enveloped yellowish-grey haze dust,
piercing wind was blowing, and the temperature was Fleecy bits mist,
becoming detached from the remainder, wandered amongst the higher peaks, and
turning into black, leaden clouds, every now and again burst into sleet. Towards
Tibet the weather looked most forbidding. The sky was overcast, and the dark ye!low
hilltops, buried the clouds, had the appearance being wrapped
Near the summit animal life was visible, and such vegetation grew
benumbed with cold. was only when descended the southern side the
range that came upon stream, free from ice, whose green banks were
look upon. Here found quantities wild-yak bones, and from their enormous
size was evident that the animals were unusually large. were not fortunate
enough come across any these beasts, though traces large herd
the soft clay soil clearly pointed their frequenting the locality. the course
the day saw bear, well small flock wild goats sheep.

The following morning found fairly cold our camp Shara-beilchir, the
thermometer showing the minimum temperature sunset had been 13°5° below zero.
The stream had dried up, leaving glistening icy crust behind it, but nevertheless,
after hour two the rays the southern sun began warm us. The onward
path lay south-westerly direction towards the Alyk-nor lake, which feeds
stream the same name that flows eastwards till its junction with the
climbing the next ridge saw large valley, and close wide strip
water shining little later the lake itself came into view, and beyond it,
the grey distance, the Burla-Abgai hills. the south-east stood out the Amuen-
kor range These, like the Burkhan-Buddha, which had just
crossed, had covering snow the summit. addition these principal ranves,
there were quantities smaller hills running away the south and filling the
whole distance Tibet, which here had average height 13,000 15,000 feet.

After couple hours reached the north-east shore the Alyk-nor, where
selected soft green patch ground which encamp. Messrs.
and Laduigin, taking advantage the fine weather the first day (May 28),
went out the lake our boat ascertain its depth. The greatest depth was
sajens the steep bank the southern end, the shallowest part being off the
low bank the northern end. From the northern shore the lake became gradually
deeper for some versts, and only when within verst the southern bank
suddenly become shallower again.

The men went out shoot antelopes (Pantholops Hodgsoni and
picticauda), which were seen grazing here and there the wide valley.
herd wild asses kiang) were seen across the stream opposite our canip,
and the other bank the lake was large herd wild yaks. The fabulous
quantity wild mammals found everywhere north-east ‘Tibet can
accounted for the almost complete absence their worst enemy—man.

red
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to ¢

reac
qui

my

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM. 409

Birds, both swimming and wading, soon made their presence the lake known
the profound silence the evening. Grey Indian ducks, pintail,
redbill, crested mudsuckers (Sterna hirundo), handsome widgeon, egrets, plover
(Charagrius Mongolicus), red-legged water-hens Calidris), sandpiper
(Tringa and black-necked cranes (Grus Close the
shores the lake the stream found the long-tailed eayle, fish-hawks,
falcons, black-eared kites, ravens, larks, jays, finches (Pyryilaudu and
Onychospiza Taczanowskii), swallows, and few others.

the second day our halt the Alyk-nor, set out early the morning
make rough sketch the lake, taking with and Badukshanoff,
well one the Mongols. all rode, carrying only what was necessary
for shooting trip our saddles—a teapot, few eatables. The weather
was glorious—calm and clear. The sky above was marvellously blue, and could,
thanks the transparency the air, make out distinctly the most distant objects
the valley. lowlying shore along which first rode was uniform shape.
Sand-banks projected from the water, forming islands, which served asylum
for the birds. places came upon springs, fringed with green, which wild
asses and antelope were feeding. But what interested most were the bears,
whose fresh tracks had been noticeable soon left camp. had
apparently passed the night the higher ground, moving down daybreak the
shore along which were riding. While was busily employed trying sketch
the banks and put the shade colour the top the water, well
sketch the birds swimming about it, amused themselves
watching the various herds animals wandering the shore. The bears were
soon sighted, and could with the naked eye easily distinguish the
build the male compared with smaller dimensions his mate. Now that they
were our path, the temptation after them was irresistible. gut
hearer saw that they were playing, and that would consequently easy
get close enough for shot them.

Leaving the ponies, Badmajapoff and went after them with the cunning
experienced hunters. sound disturbed the deathly stillness the morning
air. Dust, raised footfall, fell whence had risen, and there was reason
fear that our quarry would scent us. When, however, reached the patch level
ground which they were disporting themselves, were once
Bruin instantly stopped playing, and, raising himself his haunches, looked
intently our direction, His mate shufiled him, equally alarmed. For the
moment they might have been statues, but quickly arranging which animal each
was take, tired simultaveously. bruin fell heavily the sward, while
the she-bear appeared the same; but quickly getting up, she almost un-
noticeably slipped off the green and disappeared. When came the other—
the dead bear—she had already gone some distance, but with the glasses could
make out her quick shuffling gait and occasional halts, the poor trightened beast
looked back our direction. companion mourned her escape, but endeavoured
console him saying that the future months would have many chance
correcting his mistake and proving his marksmanship.

Having skinned our victim and fastened his coat one our saddles, were
ready move on, when suddenly caught sight another large old bear coming
quietly towards from neighbouring marsh. While was wondering what was
best done, came closer and closer, purposely making for us, until
was within 400 paces. Slipping off pony, quickly went meet him, and
when within about 120 paces, dropped him like log with couple bullets from
Berdan rifle. His skin, like that the first, was excellent condition,

No.

J
\f
id
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ite
on
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it,
en-
ust
the
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28),
was
the
ally
ank
ra
kk 18
1 be

410 THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.
lost time removing it. Inside him found some eggs, probably those
birds whose nests had pillaged the marsh. The stomach the first bruin,
which had killed the middle his game play, had been quite empty.

Having tied the second skin one the saddles, lost time pushing
towards the foot small hill, Tologinin name, where the bank
clear running stream, flowing from north-westerly direction into the
called temporary halt. With the dry wood and grass around us, soon
had nice fire burning, which roasted meat and boiled water for tea.
appetites that morning were indeed envied, for were hungry the
proverbial hunter. The ponies let loose, and they revelled the green pasture
Jand. The weather was perfectly glorious. Not cloud was seen the pure
blue sky, and the rays the sun, now high the heavens, were
warmer. Lying back the soft velvety grass, gazed upwards into the
wonderfully azure sky, and high above the blue could distinguish wandering
birds whose sharp eyes the carcases our victims had
not long escaped. rovers the air moved towards the direction their
booty, and then swooped downwards like veritable bombs. Taking
looked the place where had left the dead bears, and saw wild ass
one them, walk round it, and then, stopping with his head erect
suspecting something, suddenly dash off full speed. feathered scavengers
were still moving towards one central point—their booty—where glorious feast
awaited them.

After finishing their tea, companions set work improving the skins
scraping off the thick fatty tissues,* which, threw them aside, served
entice one the white vultures. swooped down quite close us; but for its
daring impudence this winged robber forfeited its life, being bowled over
bullet from one our military rifles. Its plumage was beautiful
that kept for our collection. Later continued our journey round the lake,
keeping for long possible close the shore. The western end was much
intersected small streams falling into the lake and forming between them ponds
and which made movement both difficult and slow. Avoiding bog,
got what was evidently animal track, winding about gravel soil
and gradually, almost imperceptibly rising, the high shore the
lake, whence could see the valley lying before all its beauty. the
glistening surface the water the huge peaks the Burkhan Buddha were

Having killed some shore swallows riparia) which were flying over the
rocky shore, continued our way. Shortly afterwards saw herd wild
asses coming towards from the near hills, and they were brave enough
approach within fifty paces us. studied them intently through glasses,
but their large deep eyes could detect sign fear—only curiosity. How-
ever, were obliged push on, and moved forward they once took fright.
They raised their heads high, snorted loudly, and then turning round quickly
galloped off, kicking one another they went. When the move the wild
ass carries his head proudly erect, and waves his short tail from side side.
our way camp the eastern shore the lake passed great number
them, and addition several antelopes, whose beautiful shape and graceful
build, the size and carriage their horns, well their quick and curious
called forth remarks admiration and astonishment from young

only possible skin animals roughly when out shooting; the actual cleaning
and curing trophies done camp.

app
few

mut
Buc
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1 the

sur!

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tho
in

foll

Sch

ace

ney

yell

nor
whi
nar

pro

less

col

ran

fai
oth

ass

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM. 411

were busily occupied watching the various animals that imperceptibly
approached our camp, the east which (and the left bank the stream)
Ivanoff and some the cossacks were waiting show the best crossing.
few more minutes and were in. With splendid appetites tackled the
mutton and drank our tea, describing the others what had seen and done.

The Alyk-nor lies open valley, bounded the north the Burkhan-
Buddha range, and the south the Under-Kuku hills. Although nearly
versts circumference, this fresh-water basin seems comparatively small, owing
the gigantic scale its surroundings—the Tibetan mountains. Its height above
the sea 13,370 feet. Its greatest length, which the lowlying shore the
north end, versts. Its other measurements have been already given. The
colour the top the water was very variable, depending the condition the
surface and the light. the water were calm, the surface smooth, and the sky
cloudless, the lake seemed steely-blue. Under opposite conditions its colour was
monotonously grey, varied only occasional dark shades.

regards ichthyological fauna, the lake could boast but few varieties,
though was literally crammed with fish. The great quantity them, well
all the lakes, rivers, and streams Tibet, undoubtedly due these waters
having probably never been fished since the beginning the world. kept the
following specimens from the Alyk-nor for our Schizopygopsis thermalis,
Sch. malacanthus and aphua (Nemachilus Kungessanus, Crassus), which,
according Prof. Inkoylsky, the Kharkoff University, the latter
species.

The foreshores the lake were covered with grassy vegetation. low-
lying ground was dotted with green patches, which were small reeds, blue and
yellow iris, primula, and saussurea; and amongst them the common shrubs
(Myricaria Prostrata) typical Tibet. The flora found the
northern shore the lake were richer and more varied. stony nullah
close under the hill came across crimson milk-vetch (Astragalus scythropus),
while here and there was sweet-smelling stock (Cheiranthus), and the
narrower clefts under the cliffs were more the common shrub (Myricaria
prostrata). leaves appeared paralyzed with the frost, and broke off the
moment oue touched them. Amongst them the pedicularis was struggling come
into flower. Near the myricaria, thrown there, was the green rose
which some the preceding year’s tall bushes were still flower. the top
the steep cliffs was the corydalis, and lower down the euphorbia. somewhat
less common plant was the Przewalskia tangutica with yellow petals, and growing
the dry clay slopes were wild tea bushes and eurotia.

The stream Alyk-noring-gol, flowing out the north-east corner the Alyk-nor,
runs almost west-to-east direction, corresponding the trend the hills
and the valley which they enclose. first narrow and yellowish clayey
colour, this stream moves eastwards widens and becomes clear from the rapid
silvery waters the brooks tumbling into from the neighbouring Amnen-kor
range, which the western prolongation the still larger range
Grey-headed The length this stream till its junction with the
Egrai-gol (on the left bank) about versts, and the force its current was
fairly strong.

The Alyk-noring-gol valley, narrowing places width five versts, and
others opening nearly double that width, rich pasture land, and affords ample
grazing for wild The Tsaidam Mongols there every year hunt wild
asses, antelopes, and wild yaks. The vegetation the lower end the valley
little different that the lake. The further proceeded eastwards the greater

t
ne
he
re
he :
to
We
it.
ild
Un
per
ful
ing

412 THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.
quantities statice, Przewalskia tangutica, and eurotia were visible; along the
streams rising the Amnen-kor fruticosa, were
abundant. Amongst the yellow and lilac-coloured iris mentioned above was the
tigrida, which eventually took its place. This had large beautiful flowers.
the marshy edges pools found Ladotis, and little higher
Here and there was the Myricaria prostrata, but was more scarce than formerly,
and consequently finer. was also the greenish-yellow slipper, the small low-
growing ephedra and the Lasiagrostis splendeus the latter found along the
sides the valley close the hills. Amongst the rhamnoides grew
clematis (Clematis Orientalis) and the tiny sweet-smelling honeysuckle (Lonicera),
and along the branch streams rhubarb spiciforme). Under the hill the
southern side the Burkhan-Buddha range there were quantities stock
thus) with yellow and reddish-brown flowers, deeply rooted amongst the stones.
the marshes along the northern foot the Amnen-kor various kinds herbs
and other grassy plants were growing, among which was the primula and golden-
yellow bachelor’s button (Ranunculus).

the confluence the Alyk-noring-gol and the Egrai-gol met for the
time the nomad Tanguts belonging the Aimak Rangan. They were living
small number banuiks,” called the Tibetans banags.”

After traversing almost the entire length the Alyk-noring-gol valley, left
near the Kuku-bulak (spring), entering one the northern nullahs the Amnen-
kor, which were obliged cross able proceed our journey south.
first this nullah seemed quite attractive, but moved the view became
wilder, the ascent stonier, steeper, and narrower; even the path was sometimes
invisible, and before had been long, Jeroy—one the Mongols who was
invaluable shepherd charge our animals, though worthless guide, for
which purpose had been given Baron dsassak—was, our disgust,
obliged confess his ignorance the road. soon heard this ordered
him proceed rear, and trusted own instincts and the knowledge which
had acquired prolonged wanderings enable guide the party.

The first day our stay the Amnen-kor hills, June was remarkable
for the great cold, coupled with the quantity snow which fell great heavy
flakes from early morning till noon, covering the ground with thick layer more
than foot deep. slowly ascended, the feathered inhabitants the higher
hills—mountain hematopygia)—flew down the centre the
nullah, and with shrill cries crossed from one side the other, now and then
settling close the passing caravan. Amidst the noise their cries soon heard
others—sweet, delicate, soft sounds—quite new me, and which once attracted
attention. After few minutes was astonished see the nearest rocks,
well the grass-covered slopes, some very beautiful birds which was not
difficult recognize the Leucosticte discovered the late
last journey the Burkhan-Buddha mountains, and which had for
some time hoped come across this part the Tibetan hills.
expedition succeeded securing only one specimen this bird, spite making
special trip order try and get hen bird (they had already got cock), And
here, sixteen years later, again saw them, both single birds well coveys,
amongst which were both the red males and the smaller grey females. first
only gazed them longingly from afar, but within half hour was holding two
dead birds hand, and involuntarily remembered our celebrated ornithologist
Bianky, who saying good-bye had expressed the hope that would
secure specimen this bird, describing the grey colour, which was then more
less guess. From the specimens the Zoological Museum the Imperial

D
W
d sh
lit
cil
» th
lai

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

Academy Science, the above-mentioned has been able now recognize
new species, the Kozlowia (Kozlowia Roborowskii).

Delighted getting such valuable trophies, had quite forgotten the unpleasant-
ness the weather. was now mid-day. The snow was longer falling, but
the brilliant glare the glittering snow the sun hurt our eyes. the khainiks
were tired and our yaks required rest, were obliged halt and ease them for
time their heavy loads. The neighbouring rocky peaks, towering above the
ridge, times were visible, and again times were hidden from our view the
moving clouds which wandered picturesquely amongst the mountains. After rather
ascent reached the stony, razor-like ridge. ‘The heavy snow which had
fallen, though making movement difficult, enabled follow the zigzags, and
last reached the centre the pass—height 15,990 feet. highest peak was some
700 1000 feet above it. neither side ofthe pass was there any view had.
the north was snowing heavily. the south was another range hills.
this route never used natives, the path followed must have been
made animals—wild yaks and asses. The descent down the northern side
this nameless pass was steeper than the ascent, and were therefore all the
sooner the grassy bottom the nullah, though obliged lead each the
bulls prevent them slipping. When darkness came decided bivouac
where were, and were then able rest after all the discomforts the day.
were worn out that bear, coming almost into our bivouac like
unexpected guest, was allowed depart his own free will. Taking every
advantage his luck, proceeded along the bottom the nullah, from bottom
top, and, passing overhanging rock, leisurely stood his hind paws and care-
fully scratched his back against the rugged projecting boulder.

Next morning, proceeding the nullah and gradually inclining
the north, reached pretty piece ground surrounded rocks dotted with
shrubs, and close rich grassland, which enabled halt four days with the
greatest benefit our animals. From here two expeditions were made, one
myself reconnoitre the pass leading over the principal range the south, the
other Kaznakoff the north, order buy some transport bulls from the
nomad Tanguts, and, possible, procure reliable guide. and
Teleshoff scoured the neighbouring rocks search specimens for their collections.

Early June Kaznakoff and left camp almost simultaneously. first
followed the same nullah which had arrived, but after little got into
steeper one leading towards the summit the southern range. rule pre-
ferred riding walking, and went along carefully scanned the rocks and
the grass patches between them for life and flowers. Musk-deer were seen
grazing, but they scampered off over the rocks soon they noticed us. little
further saw herd wild asses down the valley, while high above the
hills now and again saw the ubiquitous vultures. The sun rose sluggishly,
little little lighting the side nullahs, and instead silvery hoar frost the
grass was covered with glittering drops dew. Hopping about the boulders
were large handsome mountain finches (Pyrhospiza longirostris), Carpodacus rubi-
cilloides, Accentor fulvescens, rubeculoides, and other small birds, brightening
the summer morning with their songs.

neared the pass came across red bear, which was occupied with
his own affairs that never perceived coming him till couple bullets
laid him low. The sound the shots echoing loudly among the rocks quickly
attracted the who frorn the near crags had been watching our movements.
companions this expedition were Jarkoy and Dadai. Having skinned the
bear and tied the trophy one the ponies, were about proceed our

r
d
re
n
rd
ot
or
rs
iv

vO
ist
or
ial

414

THROUGH EASTERN TIBET AND KAM.

journey when vulture swooped down close that had slay him, his
body falling close that the bear. soon fired all his winged companions
flew from the rocks, and, circling over the dead bodies, settled again their
former places. But was surprised notice that even when
some distance they still refrained from approaching the dead bodies. Meanwhile
had neared the pass. The snake-like path wound about the steep slope and
crossed more accessible ground, where saw our pretty friends the finches
(Kozlowia Roborowskii), and halting for few moments shot couple them,
Another half-hour and had climbed the top the pass, whence
scanned the broad horizon the south. front was typical Tibetan
down which the descent was considerably steeper than the ascent which had just
made, and almost the centre the panorama before us, glistening amongst the
greenish-yellow velvety foothills, lay the watery expanse the Oring-nor. Beyond
this fairly large lake, the blueish distance, rose the wall-like ridge
mountains which give birth the Yellow and Blue The rarefied air was
remarkably transparent, much mislead with regard the distance
the lake, whose shores could clearly see. For long was unable tear
myself away from this wonderful picture, presenting striking contrast the
view the northern side, where the ground fell away precipitous wild-looking
gorges divided sharp-ridged spurs.

Being sufficiently satisfied with our knowledge the road, and after fixing the
height the pass 15,780 feet, commenced retrace our steps along the
morning’s path, zigzaging about across the narrow strips snow lying the
northern side the hill. Soon, projecting rock, saw second red bear,
smaller but similar that which had killed earlier the day. They were
evidently pair, and this was now the widowed female searching for her mate, but
she time, and avoided following him his unknown distant journey.
the moist edges green plots were again lucky securing specimens the
mountain finches, which were this occasion together with the Leucosticte
topygia. Proceeding where the dead bruin lay, found, our surprise,
that the body had not been touched the vultures, which had now collected
countless numbers. The reason was, doubtless, the presence the dead bird
lying alongside; see what would happen, amused ourselves removing its
body some hundred paces, when were rewarded seeing its
immediately swoop down one after another the dead bear and commence
their feast. Fighting over the body, those huge birds attacked each other with
beak, talon, and wing, filling the air with their curious discordant cries.
mount and fire into the brown them with rifle was the work
moment, whereupon away they flew, with the exception six, which had
breathed their last. the bear little remained. Taking home for our collection
pair the best specimens this Gyps himalayensis, finished our sport for the
day, and, the sun had already sunk below the horizon, made tracks quickly
possible for camp,

Kaznakoff had already returned with some nomad Tanguts, from whom had
luckily been able purchase three transport bulls and some butter. gave
them two the most tired our khainiks, which hoped able
again the Tsaidam our return journey, and persuaded one them, who

professed intimate knowledge the neighbourhood, accompany guide.

the course conversation with him regarding the route, learned that the pass
which had discovered was really one the best over the Amnen-kor range,*

Some versts the east the pass which crossed called the
Kara-gol, which equally accessible’.

i

EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS. 415

leading into the valley the Hwang-Ho, Ma-chu river, called the
also known the Yellow river.

The Amnen-kor range, has been said above, the western continuation
the length about 100 versts from west east, and breadth
about versts, this range consists towards the west two chains peaks, tower-
ing among the eternal snows. determined the level the snow-line here
about 16,170 feet above the sea. the Tibetan side were able see
these lofty snow-capped peaks the western half the above range. Generally
speaking, the Amnen-kor appears much less imposing from the south than from the
north. The northern slopes the Amnen-kor, being usually under snow, feed
number small streams belonging the basin. The southern side gives
rise one two, whose waters fall into the which itself runs into the
Pacific ocean. With regard the indefinite expression two,” should
mention that one stream was reconnoitred us, and accordingly shown the
map. rises the western and higher part the and, the
river, receives its left bank several streams, which flow from the nullahs
further east. the eastern portion the Amnen-kor stili uoknown, one can
only guess the existence other streams. flora and fauna this range
are, generally speaking, much the same those the more portion
the Burkhan-Buddha.

continued.

EXPERIMENTS THE TRANSPORTING POWER SEA

Dr. JOHN OWENS.

great differences opinion which exist the relative importance wave
and current action moving material upon the foreshore sea-bed show the
necessity for some experimental investigation the subject. one
importance connection with the study coast erosion, and, furthermore, one
which beset with many difficulties and pitfalls.

The experiments about described, while only touching the fringe the
subject, will, hope, give rise some discussion from which valuable information
may obtained; and the matter one pre-eminently suited for research, the
opinion the members upon the lines along which this should run will valuable.
experiments were made last August, the coast the Wash, near Holme,
Norfolk, where there fine stretch sands exposed low and, owing
the existence several large pools swills left the receding tide,
varying velocities could obtained near the outlets these pools into the
wished, the first place, find out, actual trial natural bed, what sized
stones current certain velocity could move.

The method adopted was Having procured and numbered series
flint stones ranging size from half inch inches diameter, found
suitable current, and placed these stones one one the bottom over which the
current was flowing, until the size was found which the current was just able
move, the next size above being refused; the number the stone was then noted.
The next step was measure the velocity the current. was done driving
two stakes into the bed measured distance apart, and timing the travel float

Research Department, November 15, 1907.

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416 EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS

between. was possible get the velocity with great accuracy this
the observation being repeated several times check. The results these
observations are set forth the accompanying table.

During the course the experiments several curious points became apparent,
the most noteworthy, perhaps, being the extraordinary governing power which
when present any quantity. The ordinary sand the seashore com-
menced move under the influence current 0°85 f.p.s., the movement being
the form the well-known sand ripples; all velocities 2°5 these
ripples remained well marked, but about the latter velocity they were always
swept away, and sand movement continued smooth sheet along the bottom,
rate the movement being suddenly and very greatly accelerated. So, then,
between and 2°5 ripple-marks sandy bottom remain well
Now, turning the table, will seen that long such ripple-marks
the bottom, the movement each stone was arrested the hollows tie
ripples: that is, although the current was strong enough move stone
smooth sandy bottom, was not able lift out the trough beween two
ripples, hence the stones invariably stopped there. therefore, say
f.p.s., which had force enough move stone nearly inches diameter

was from doing so, except for very short distance, the
The first instance continuous movement recorded the table occurred
f.p.s., the sand was moving continuous sheet and all ripples had been
swept away. would thus appear that where sand exists quantity,
currents, 2°5 mile per hour, are moving shingle,
whereas about 2°5 f.p.s. the current suddenly acquires the power moving
stones nearly inches diameter over sandy bottom.

The presence even slight hollows irregularities the bottom, large
flats upon the stone, had always great upon the transporting power
the current. The effect either these was always arrest the movement
the stone, unless the velocity the current was greatly excess that required
move it; and the bottom was sandy, such stoppage invariably resulted
gradual sinking and burying the stone the sandy bottom, that, should
the current subsequently increase velocity, could not dislodge the stone until
the sand had been swept away. The inference which this appears justify that,
since the sea-bottom nearly always irregular, and stones are seldom perfect
spheres, the effect currents alone, unless exceptional velocity, chiefly limited
the transport fine matter, such sand and mud.

The above conclusion further supported some other facts which came
light. Referring experiment No. the table, will noted that the
bottom over which stone inch diameter was rolled the current con-
for here have current moving stone nearly inches diameter, but unable
move shingle one quarter inch diameter.

Again, referring experiment No. 13, where stone about inches diameter
was rolled over sandy bottom. threw into this current about
fine shingle, ani remained for some time heap the bottom, particles
moving away intervals from the edges, and eventually most was buried
the sand and remained there. clear, therefore, that here another compli-
cating feature: From the movement shingle particles over smooth bottom,
cannot infer that the same current would move froma mass similar
Each particle derives support from its neighbours, and, further,
from the fall force the fact, the patch shingle behaves
somewhat like very thin flat single stone lying upon the bottom.

MOVED BY A CURRENT OF

SEA-WATER.

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418 EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS.

with the transport large masses material are chiefly concerned,
here again appears reason for thinking that, rule, currents alone are
moving shingle larger stones, and their action chiefly limited the transport
sand and mud.

the method which stone moved current, practically all
cases the stone was rolled over the bottom and not dragged along. The only excep-
tions this rule were one case stone very slippery bottom, mad
artificially aud the other, that stones having strands seaweed
streamer weed preceded the stone and prevented from rolling. tried
flat stones, having the largest diameter from 2°54 times the smaller, and
all cases they tumbled over and over the current, when was strong enough
move them.

While making this experiment, noticed curious thing. throwing one
these stones into swift current flowing over smooth peat-bed, rolled
for moment so, and then got its edge and was carried off the current
ing along like wheel; then tried another, throwing before, and beliaved
exactly the same way; and similarly with the remainder the stones,
dozen all—every one, without exception, got its edge and rolled away
hoop. All these stones were disc-shaped, and this appears the normal

method travel such flat disc-like stones when passing over smooth,
bottom.

Turning now the theory impact and transport current, may
stated briefly that the diameter particle, higher specific gravity than water,
which current can move varies directly the square the velocity the current
and inversely the density water the particle moved. Since the weight
the pebble stone varies the cube its diameter, follows that the weight
stone which current can move varies the sixth power the velocity the
current. Thus current f.p.s. will able move particles four times the
size and sixty-four times the weight which current move.
increase velocity may therefore produce effects out all proportion what
expected.

have worked out upon these lines the following formula, which gives
mately the size stone which current given velocity can move

When represents the diameter inches the particle,

Velocity current feet per second,
then, for the ordinary partly rounded pebble lying smooth bottom—

45V2 v2

and the weight pounds will be, flint, approximately
There are certain variable factors which make impossible find
correct formula suit all such are the nature of, and amount friction on,
the bottom, and the shape the stone; but the above gives fairly accurate
Included the table, for comparison, are two columns showing the theoretica
diameters and weights the particles which each current could move, according
the above formule. The accompanying diagram gives also the theoretical curve
weights and diameters beside the actual. will seen that there dis
crepancy which cannot explained the great variation the conditions
which each experiment was carried out.
Returning now the movement sand. The first sign movement

lying ina mass the bottom became apparent now,

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EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS. 419

apply the formula find the velocity required move each grain singly, the
case the stones experimented with, and taking the diameter the sand-grains
one-fiftieth inch, which they certainly did not exceed, find that velocity
f.p.s. sufficient. have experiment check this by, but believe
fairly correct.

Again, turning experiment 13, where current 3°3 was not quite
capable moving fine shingle quarter half inch diameter, thrown
heap. The velocity required move grains this diameter singly about

Weight from formula
Diameter . «

Weight from experiments
Diameter .

Weight of Flint stone moved,in lbs.and Diameter in inches.

Velocity Current feet per-second.

will now noticed that both cases the velocity required move the
grains when the mass was about four times that required move them singly.
not suggested that this ratio holds good for all sizes particles, but
shows roughly the great influence the grouping and locking the particles
together.

Considering all the points mentioned, would seem that the whole must
regard wave action being more important than current action erosive
agency. The correct view the matter doubtless that which keeps sight the
constant interaction these two agencies—the waves being more effective moving
the larger particles and stones, owing their sudden and violent action

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420 EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS.

and the currents keeping steady movement from place place the finer
sand, and matter which has been suspended the water wave action.

That fairly rapid currents exist upon the sea-bed deep water beyond the limits
wave disturbance appears established but their power, unless they are
very great probably limited the transport fine mud and sand.
course, given sufficient velocity, current can move particles unlimited size,
these remarks are intended apply only currents the existence which have
evidence present.

After the paper, the have listened with very great interest
what Dr. Owens has had tell us. Perhaps Dr. Strahan might open the
discussion.

Dr. Srranan: think that this paper contains large number valu-
able observations, and only regret that the author had not more time this
meeting justice his work. One point interests greatly, and that the
comparative rate travel large stones and small. the case the Chisel
beach, well known that the east end the stones are large, towards the middle
they are intermediate size, while towards the west end the beach they are
small, and has commonly been stated that this gradation size due attrition
the pebbles their travel from east west. writing the Geological Survey
Memoir had sum the theories which had been advanced the Chisel beach,
and formed different opinion. concluded that the larger pebbles were sorted
out wave-action, and that they travelled eastwards and faster than the small,

with the result that they assembled the east end the beach. One other point
seems worth mentioning, that is, that when the Channel tunnel was first
proposed, good many years ago now, the French examined the sea-bottom partly
diving, partly sounding, and were able even make geological map the
bottom Dover strait. They got sufficient number specimens show that

Chalk and the Greensand crop out the sea-bottom, and were able indicate

the position the outcrops. clear, therefore, that the current capable

away all loose material from large part the strait.

Mr. The paper contains much interest geologists, and the
author has attacked the subject the right way, but think that the erosive
powers currents has been underrated. Holderness there rapidly receding
coast-line, from which boulder clay and other drifts are being removed very large
quantity. were not removal this material going below low water,
the tidal platform would continuous from the place where the erosion first began.
instead, the distance between high and low water comparatively narrow, and
quite clear that the low-water line advancing inland proportionally the
advance the high-water line. The sea deepens steadily from the land,
proves that erosion the boulder clay going much below the level low
water. Moreover, the material that has been removed not only sand and mud,
but also the boulders which were embedded the drifts, for these boulders had
not been removed they would soon have formed protecting layer over the whole
the new sea-floor. The character this bottom shows that the boulders are
moved along beneath the sea, accumulating here and there for time patches,
leaving other patches bare clay and smooth sand. ‘The result important

geologically, because the encroaching sea produces, not absolute plain, but

slope, which barrier its further advance.

The author’s observations with regard the rolling stones along the bottom,
will help account for deposits, such the Bunter Pebble which stones
considerable magnitude sometimes occur scattered, comparatively fine-grained

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EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS. 421

matrix, and not segregated. One sees how such pebbles may have been set
upon smooth sandy floor till they reached rippled surface, and then brought
suddenly rest and embedded sand. mention this only example the
usefulness the author’s work the geologist, and hope will give further
results the same lines.

Dr. All who are interested the action waves and
currents will welcome Dr. Owens’ addition the experimental data which
possess the connection between velocity flow and size stone moved.
finds that ordinary seashore sand unmoved below speed current equal
f.p.s.; that between 0°85 2°5 f.p.s. the sand moved the form the
well-known sand-ripples, the depth water being from inches; f.p.s.
shingle the bottom remained rest but that f.p.s. the current suddenly
acquired the power move continuously stones nearly inches diameter and
weight, stream 3°5 inches deep. own hitherto unpublished
measurements currents similar depth the Dorset and Norfolk coasts yielded
results concordant with these observations. found that clear streams where the
sand was not the well-known ripples, but only presented small lee-facing cliffs
considerable intervals, the sand was scarcely moved except few spots where
swirling motion occurred, and that these streams the velocity was—

Locality. Velocity. Averuge velocity.

Velocities streams showing the well-known sand-ripples about inches
wave-length and occurring long trains were follows

Locality. Velocity. Average velocity.

” eee eee os FR

The following observations were made streams which the ordinary best-
known ripples had been replaced those which move upstream,* the superincumbent
water being moreover turbid owing sand continuously suspension. Stones
the beach (smaller, however, than the author’s 3-inch pebbles) were often observed
travelling rapidly the sandy beds these streams.

Locality. Velocity. Average velocity.
The average diameter the sand-grains Branksome was
Mundsley sand per cent. passed through mesh inch, but was stopped
mesh inch. will noticed that the highest the above speeds
corresponds with that which Dr. Owens found the sand travel continuous
sheet without rippling. suggest that this effect depends upon particular state
the current, viz. that was not fully charged with sand. When saturated
scours, when supersaturated silts, and when picking just much
dropping generally maintains some kind sand-wave.

Geographical Journal, June, 1899. Kumatology.”

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ition

422

EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS.

deeper water, certainly, the larger kind sand-waves, with wave-length
about feet and height about foot, occur with higher velocities current;
thus Aberdovey found these sand-waves were increased current
feet per second depth feet water.*

Prof. Osborne Reynolds thought that the power current raise sand fiom
the bottom and maintain suspension depended change from stream-line
flow eddying flow. This, said, took place suddenly critical velocity which
was proportional the dimensions the channel. Mr. Thrupp concurred
this opinion, but found that the critical velocity, the commencement
flow, does not set in, the case large channels, until still higher speed
attained than that required Osborne Reynolds’s formula. large channels,
says, there are innumerable instances where the velocities the bottom are sufficient,
according mathematical theories, roll along large cubical boulders, whereas,
fact, they hardly disturb fine sand, and goes say that mathematical
theories hitherto advanced can account for these critical-point phenomena, because
the assumptions upon which they are based have not been ascertained experi-
ment.”

have now cleared the ground for two suggestions which desire make for
future first, suggest that the rate settlement through water should
determined for all sand and shingle experimented upon. For the sand
some Chine the rate settlement was about inches per second. all the
cesses transport wind water which are connected with the formation
waves ripples granular material the rate subsidence the dominant factor,
and expresses, better perhaps than any other single quantity dimension,
specific resistance the material transport. The power transport suspen-
sion due, mainly due, upward swirls. given current these have
velocity inches per second, sand which settles that rate still water would
just maintained continuous suspension. the case shingle travelling
quantity (which more important consider than the case isolated large stone
trundled over comparatively smooth surface smaller stones) the effect
the upward swirl probably capital importance, and is, suppose, account
its efficacy that the shingle can travel shorewards even when sand travelling
seawards for the upward swirl made the forward current the waves
shallow water much more powerful than that made the slower return current
the wave. Hence the heavy shingle jerked forward just after the passage
the crest each advancing wave, but remains anchored during the return current
until last the slope the beach tends equalize matters. second sugges-
tion that systematic observations, such Dr. Owens has made well
shallow streams, should now undertaken with the aid the diver’s dress
deeper water.

conclusion, should like draw attention some definite measurements
rate travel shingle beach which were taken friend Mr. Nelson

tichardson (after consultation with me) the Chesil Some the half-
bricks which dumped the beach between tide-marks travelled during twenty-
eight hours fine weather 574 yards, speed which, continued, would
have carried them the whole length the beach, viz. miles,
seventy-two days. With regard this question the carrying power currents

Geographical Journal, August, Tidal Currents.”
See remarks vol. (1897), 244.

Experiment the Movements Load Brickbats deposited the Chesil
Beach,” Proc. Dorset Field Club, (1902), pp. 123-133.

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TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS.

suddenly increasing when you pass from stream-line flow eddying flow, course the
eflect waves impart something the character eddying current, because
they produce those sudden upward swirls which raise the material into suspension.

Dr. also spoke.

Dr. Evans; should like call the attention the committee the
importance the question which has been raised the existence and dis-
tribution currents sufficient carry sbingle from place place.
Prof. Cole and Mr. Crook, who have examined the blocks and pebbles found the
submerged contivental shelf off the west coast Ireland, have shown that the
distribution the different rock types indicates that the material has not, asa rule,
been transported any considerable distance currents, and that furnishes
valuable information the geology the are many other
places considerable distance from the coast where banks occur
beneath the sea. the absence powerful currents transport ice, these
would date back time when such localities were the neighbourhood the
shore-line, and furnish evidence the depression the land relatively the sea.
the same time, the area the west Ireland, they may many cases
lead important conclusions the solid geology the sea-bottom.

Captain should like say word. think would add very much
the information that has been given the slope the bottom was stated all
these experiments. Whether stone would moved current perfectly
flat surface the same way down incline doubtful. all these experi-
ments the stone has not been moved flat surface, but down incline, for the
water would only flow down that incline. With respect the movement the
larger stones and not the smaller ones, would suggest that this due the
friction the bottom making the water the bottom move slower than that above.
Ithink the flow might not move small pieces shingle the bottom, but might
larger pieces above where the power the water greater. With respect the
disappearance boulders, the boulders might disappear from quite another cause.
the boulders washed the Holderness coast, some might fall into soft
substance, and know from practical experience the east coast, directly
obstruction gets the sands, the tide hollows out the sand around and the
obstruction sinks down. This goes the Goodwin sands and the estuary
the Thames; hence the saying these are quicksands. course they are that
way. However, quite agree with the conclusions that not the current
that erodes the coast the wave-action.

Captain Creak: Very much the point has already been said, but should
like make remark two. About three years ago Prof. Herdman, who
engaged natural history inquiries, asked question with regard the action
waves produced cyclone over plateau fathoms water, and whether
substances the bottom would moved the that depth. replied
the negative. have since thought over the subject, and remember being
anchor the open coast New Zealand during severe cyclone, when the water
broke fathoms and caused violent disturbance the materials the bottom.
You could see the sand moving remarkable swirls, but not think the waves
had any action beyond short distance from those breakers. Hence believe,
materials are moved the bottom, must due the current. Some time ago
was staying Skegness, the Wash, and observed there that the beach
was continually changing, and the calm water near the shere constantly full
fine débris motion with the tide. Thus currents may carry such debris far
and wide, but must the waves breaking upon coast which are the cause
the motion stones and coarse sand.

424 EXPERIMENTS TRANSPORTING POWER SEA CURRENTS.

Mr. With regard what Captain Creak says the power
the waves matters considerable depth, may not uninteresting
call attention the fact that Sir William Matthews, the occasion his recent
presidential address before the Institution Civil Engineers, made some remark
that point. says, “The depth which wave-action extends much greater
than was formerly believed the ease. With reference the exceptional
depths which wave-disturbance extends, the late Sir James Douglass once men-
tioned meeting here that lobster creels, off the Land’s End, lying from
fathoms, had been found filled with sand and shingle their
subsequently gale, some the stones weighing much thus
showing that position sea-action had descended the depth named. may
observe that off the coast Peterhead and Fraserburgh, there have been similar
experiences. Sir James Douglass, the same meeting, also gave remarkable
instance coarse sand having been found the external gallery the Bishop
tock Lighthouse off Scilly, after gale, height 120 feet, the depth water
the vicinity the rock being fathoms, thereby showing that the sea-bed had
been disturbed that depth, this being the only source from which the sand could
have been obtained.” seems that these observations have some relevance
the point raised Mr. and might explain how the submarine
movement took place Holderness. might accounted for what Dr.
Owens has called the interaction waves and currents. ‘The action the waves
might bring about such upward swirl the manner described Dr. Vaughan

Cornish, put heavy matter like boulders into such position dealt
with

The afraid must bring most interesting discussion
end calling Dr. Owens reply.

Dr. With reference Dr. Strahan’s and another gentleman’s remarks,
want make one point quite clear. did not intend paper convey the
impression that movement could not take place deep water. aware that move-
ment does take place, due, opinion, the interaction waves and currents,
but the paper referred entirely currents, and did not take into consideration the
effect waves. think the second speaker who suggested the conclusion should
modified misunderstood me, because did not come the conclusion that
movement did not take place, but rather that currents alone, the absence
waves, had little effect. And also wish say that mind limited wave-
action the continental shelf. think outside that there question about
the waves not touching bottom, and therefore outside the continental shelf, deep
water, the opinion that the conclusion applies. remarks have
been extremely interesting, and very glad see has confirmed
observations the sand-movement. may say that have observed the
peculiar sand-waves which referred to, and, roughly speaking—I did not get
accurate thought their formation began about feet per second.
The small ordinary ripples were swept away, and suddenly large wave, about
feet from crest crest and about inches high, was suddenly formed; and
travelled against the stream, distinct from the small ripples, the trans-
ference sand from the front one the back the other. With reference
the interaction waves and currents, appears that Cornish gives
clue great many is, that when the waves are rolling over
current you cannot expect that current flowing stream-like motion, con-
sequently have state eddying suspension earlier than there were
waves. think the movement material Holderness and elsewhere must
looked entirely from the point view the interaction both waves and

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NEW DISTANCE FINDER. 425

currents. With reference the suggestions which Dr. Cornish made further
experiments, aware that there are many points which require settled.
The rate settlement water have worked out theoretically, that is, found the
current which, upward velocity, was required suspend the particles, the
impact which was equal the weight the particles water. The results
compare favourably with any observations have been able find. Then again,
systematic observations deep water, that have not done; have not all
the necessary appliances. very difficult see what takes plece, and difficult
measure the current the bottom deep consequently, altogether
more difficult thing than the shallow-water observations. point was
referred which think should make clear, that the slope the Now,
did not actually level the bottom, but feel satisfied that the bottom was all
places, except perhaps one, practically level; also the inference which was drawn
from the flow water think incorrect—that is, that the water would not flow
unless the bottom was slope. The flow the water depends upon the surface
slope the water itself, and not upon the bed over which flowing. Captain
Creak mentioned limiting the depth wave-action fathoms. very
difficult say where wave-action ceases. disposed think myself
somewhere near the edge the continental shelf, but where not know.
very suspicious see the continental shelf all strewn with débris from the land,
should not wonder wave-action takes place 100 fathoms, and the edge
the shelf was its seaward limit.

The sure shall pass hearty vote thanks Dr. Owens
for his paper, which has given rise interesting discussion.

NEW DISTANCE FINDER.*
REEVES.

geographical and other survey work often great importance able
obtain distances rapidly without actual measurement upon the ground, and with-
out having first set off known distance base, which necessary with many
telemeters and rangefinders. The existing instruments for this purpose depending
upon the angle subtended short rod, are either too liable put out adjust-
ment for rough exploring work owing derangement prisms and change
temperature, necessitate the sending assistant with rod the point
which the distance required. The Bar Subtense instrument, used the
Survey India, the latter class, and excellent its way, but the sending
man with rod often most inconvenient, and naturally its use
positions. What wanted instrument this character, strong
and simple construction, not liable inaccuracies through the derangement
adjustments, and without the necessity separate rod, that distances
inaccessible well accessible points can quickly measured with sufficient
accuracy for practical purposes; and have designed the Distance Finder” here
shown meet these requirements.

will seen from the figure, this instrument consists light rod
certain fixed length, made that can revolved vertically and horizontally
upon tripod, and carrying two telescopes, one each end the rod, and con-
nected band “invar.” These telescopes can revolved independently, each

Research Department, February 21, 1908.

No.

to
2

426 NEW DISTANCE FINDER.

its own axis, vertical plane, well rotated collarsin the line their
optical axis, correct for collimation error.

The two telescopes are similar general appearance, but while the
one there are only fixed central vertical wire and horizontal wire, the other,
addition these, fitted micrometer, means which second vertical
wire can moved across the diaphragm. rod fitted with clamp and
tangent screw, and with the telescopes, can taken bodily off the stand, reversed
vertically, and replaced upside down, well revolved horizontally.

The system taking observations for obtaining the distance object
arranged that repeating the measurement with the rod and telescope different
positions errors vertical and horizontal paralielism, well collimation, are
eliminated, that, should the adjustments deranged, the rod become

DISTANCE FINDER.

flexed any means, the errors are detected and made balance each other, and
the mean the observations will give the correct distance. ‘This most

important feature the instrument, and renders suitable for use under somewhat
rough conditions.

Upon the side the rod will found scale divisions and corresponding
distances feet, which, ensure accuracy, has been constructed from known
distances. The distance possible measure with this instrument will,
course, depend principally upon the length the rod, and the accuracy with
the observations are made, but compares favourably with the Bar Subtense
instrument now use, while the method repetition and elimination errors
considerably increases the possible accuracy the results. The usual length
rods now made are feet and feet. The makers this Distance Finder”
are Casella 15, Rochester Row, Victoria Street,

REVIEWS.
EUROPE.

Tue ScANDINAVIAN

‘Die Entwicklungsgeschichte der Flora. Von Dr. Gunnar
Andersson. Maps and Illustrations. scientifiques Congres inter-
national Botanique. Wien, 1905. Jena: Fischer. 1906.

Any regarding the history the Quarternary flora the Scandi-
navian peninsula must take the Ice age its starting-point. The chief problem
before the investigator determination the nature the vegetation during the
inter-glacial periods. The author compares some the intra-morainal fossil-
bearing deposits Scandinavia and Denmark, and comes the conclusion that
they not correspond exactly the inter-glacial deposits the continent, the
nature which well known. The chief part the paper made very
clear and interesting account the five periods corresponding five successive
layers fossil-bearing deposits. The gradual rise and, comparatively speaking, fall
the plant-types characteristic the five periods described, and the reader
left with very vivid picture the history the Scandinavian flora. The Dryas
flora the first period was more less arctic and alpine character, and took
possession the land was vacated the receding ice. This period was
followed that the birch trees, which brought with them large portion the
plants which are still to-day common Scandinavia. Then followed the period
the pine, which was succeeded the oak period. During this age, which was
milder than even the climate to-day, the oak went further north than found
to-day. Finally, the spruce period set in, which has not really yet
its complete development. The author discusses the influence man
the vegetation this district. also able establish the existence three
periods the aquatic vegetation. the Dryas period corresponds that the
water-weed the water-lilies are the characteristic aquatics during the birch and
pine periods. natans was flourishing during the latter part the pine, but
mainly during the oak period, and now almost extinct. Numerous photographs
illustrate this very interesting and instructive article.

ASIA.
Two

Anglo-Chinese Commerce and Diplomacy.’ Sargent, Appointed
Teacher Foreign Trade the University London. Oxford: Clarendon
Press. 1907.

Enterprise China: Account its Origin and Development.’

Kent. London: Edmund Arnold. 1907.

Too much cannot written about China those who are position add
our knowledge the country and its people from actual observation, who
have taken the pains acquire information the subject and set forth
convenient and instructive manner. Mr. Sargent’s book admirable example
the latter class. almost entirely based first-hand authorities—treaties,
books written members embassies China, parliamentary papers, which
list given the bibliography, British consular reports, and reports the Imperial
Maritime Customs. The author gifted with the power seeing both sides
question, and writes with obvious desire for strict impartiality, indicating fairly
the Chinese well the British point view the unending series
difficulties that have obstructed the course British trade with China, and beset
the diplomacy which that has given rise. also skilled statistician,

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428 REVIEWS.

matter peculiar importance dealing with the complexities Chinese trade
returns. The volume divided into eleven chapters, most which are devoted
the historical statement diplomatic relations between Great Britain and China,
four chapters being intercalated the course trade different periods.
thus mainly historical interest, but doubt there will more geographical
interest the sequel it, which Mr. Sargent holds out the hope, designed
contain analysis and explanation the commercial condition the present,”
and thus fulfil “the ultimate aim the history.” One notable fact geo-
graphical interest may mentioned standing out from the text, namely,
long-continued and importance British trade raw materials
British origin and manufactures these. speaking British trade with China
the days the East India Mr. Sargent mentions that the
exported consisted almost exclusively woollens, and little lead, iron, and tin,”
British articles export dating back some cases the time the Romans, and
the most important them one that began displace the earlier export raw
wool about the fifteenth century. Even 1833, the last year the company’s
exclusive privilege, woollens constituted more than ninety per cent. the British
exports China.

Mr. Sargent’s general conclusion the present situation worth quoting—

present she [China] tutelage, with her financial and economic policy
laid down treaties forced her Foreign Powers. The Chinese may
coerced into restraining their resentment for time; the history their
with European Powers proves amply that they neither change nor forget. Once
they obtain sufficient material force, they are likely assert uncertain
fashion the claim that right enjoyed even minor Western nations, the right
determine for themselves the conditions intercourse with foreigners.”

this work seems certain meet with steady demand, which will soon
necessitate new edition, attention may drawn few improvements that ma)
made with view that. Occasionally the author assumes more knowledge
the part the reader than one entitled expect from one who comes new
the subject. reference made the critics the East India Company
will cause many reader ask what was the nature their criticisms, question
and the private trader are not enough enable the reader
understand the conditions under which strict monopoly the East India
Company the end its days trading company, are told, was imported
into Great Britain private traders, appears from and elsewhere. One
who reads 115 “the rebellion” China, and unacquainted with the
history Chinain the fifties and sixties last century, will ask, What rebellion?”
Lastly, reference made “the newly formed East India Company,”
such manner will induce the reader believe that the company was
already existence 1596.

The full title Mr. Kent’s book sufficiently indicates its scope. The preface
dated August 28, 1907, and down that time the text appears give full
account the position the railway enterprise China, Five maps furnish
important aid enabling the reader grasp the present situation, one them
being general map, distinguishing colours and signs the nationality the
capital employed employed the construction railways opened,
constructing, and projected. When works are active progress while maps are
preparation, not wondered that the maps should not quite the
date the text, and the maps are most likely consulted first, and some
cases perhaps solely, may well point out that the text mentions (p. 72) that

“
t

429

section miles (more than one-fifth) the Peking-Kalgan railway was
opened September 30, 1906; that the railhead the Chengtingfu-Taiyuanfu
railway now beyond Pingtingchow (p. 170), and that the Kaifengfu-Honanfu
railway was opened public traffic April, 1907, far Chenchow, the junction
with the Peking-Homkow railway, although all these railways are shown the
(or maps) entirely under construction. The maps are all merely outline
maps, but the text contains indications the geography the routes followed
the different railways, and summary considerations the commercial signi-
ficance the lines constructed planned. valuable feature the book the
appendix 100 pages, containing the full text various agreements entered into
with reference the construction various railways. The index is, unfortunately,
not quite adequate, and the English not unexceptionable was lain on,”
“In normal times this river narrow sandy valley,” 37).
AFRICA.
Whyte. Two vols. London: Hutchinson Co. 1907. 24s. net.

Mr. Schillings achieved reputation With Flashlight and Rifle Equatorial East
Africa,’ consequence the extraordinary merit the photographs contained,
the illustrations revealing photographs had ever done before the nature and
mauner life the wild animals depicted. His new work contains over 300
photographic studies the fauna tropical Africa, reproduced from the original
negatives without retouching any kind. Some the photographs were taken
night, and many circumstances requiring all the skill and nerve intrepid
hunter. The result series absolutely trustworthy records wild life
given hour bush, veldt, forest, stream. Their value the naturalist
can hardly overestimated, and couple decades, even less time, may
many instances the only evidence obtainable the game Central Africa
the close the nineteenth century. The larger fauna South Africa has been
nearly exterminated more than fifty years. The process will repeated,
rate, the regions further north unless Mr. Schillings’ pleadings
for preventative measures heeded. Certain large game reserves have been
British reserves alone are five times the size Scotland—but
hitherto international action has been weak, and the the baser
kind strong. The author himself opinion that there only one chance the
beautiful wild life Africa being permanently preserved, that lies
the hunters themselves consenting protect and spare it.” His view that the
hunter should also undertake the part preserver, the author further enforces
interpolated chapter “Sport and Nature Germany.”

Photographs the native fauna home” naturally reveal good deal the
flora their habitat. Thus, ‘In Wildest Africa’ contains much information
concerning the distribution the flora well the fauna the
regions. Mr. Schillings, fact, heads his first chapter Spell the
Elelescho,” Elelescho being the Masai name for camphoratus, L., the
characteristic bush considerable areas British East Africa. The author’s
style poetical and impressionist, perhaps little fatiguing, but often his vivid
imagery gives exactly the desired impression, when compares the flamingoes
lining the shores lake garland living lake-roses.” burden the
whole book passionate protest against the destruction wild life, whether
“noxious” not—a protest the same time reasoned and reasonable. are
two statements, incidentally made, which exception may taken. 19;

=

430 REVIEWS.

vol. the author refers Dr. Kandt “the discoverer the source
Nile misleading assertion all the more regrettable little later (on
Speke described “one the discoverers the Victoria Nyanza.”
need belittle Speke order exalt Dr. Kandt, nor any
for misdescribing Speke’s achievements.

°

AMERICA,

American INDIANS.
Strecker Schréder. 1907.

One the strongest arguments advanced the advocates the independent
evolution American culture since the Stone Ages the primitive conditi
navigation the time the discovery. was naturally urged that,
natives possessed seaworthy vessels the late pre-Columbian period, they never
possessed them and without them the highly specialized civilized peoples
eastern hemisphere could not have reached the New World, even the one land
route then and still occupied Siberian savages.

Now the author this learned essay surveys the whole field from
and finds nothing anywhere, before the advent the whites, except the
frail Eskimo cayaks and umiaks, the bull-boats the plains Indians, the various
types dug-outs and birch-bark and other canoes ranging over the who!
continent, the Peruvian balsas (rafts) propelled shreds sails, and such-like
crazy craft. were decks, masts, rudders, oars, nothing but
paddles, here and there the Many were propelled long poles
shallow waters, while the better-constructed Araucanian dalca, the large Abenaki
boat, and the pirogue the Caribs, best equipped all the native craft, never
ventured the high seas out sight land, although they might
yards long and carry crews from eighty hundred men.

Dr. Friederici’s statements are all the more worthy credence, since they are
not only drawn from the best available sources, but are also absolutely
has theory serve, indulges speculations, and quite indifferent the
consequences that may drawn from the results his researches this hitherto
aeglected field. There index, and large body notes prepared for this
issue disappeared before going press. But some compensation
made very full list authorities, occupying less than twenty pages.
should added that this volume forms one the series the Studien und

Forschungen zur Menschen- und now being issued under the editor-
ship Dr. Georg Buschan, Stettin.

Pp. vi. and

Plates and Inset Illustrations. Berlin: Wasmuth.

Here have last complete monograph the puzzling petroglyphs which
are distributed large numbers over great part South America, but occur most
frequently the region between the Amazons and the Caribbean sea. The work,
which measure complementary the author’s der Kunst
(1906), divided into three distinct sections, the first com-
prising exhaustive survey the whole field, with references the
collections and observations previous explorers; the second giving detailed
all the carvings were studied and partly copied the author
himself during the years 1903-1905, the upper Rio Negro and its affluents and

REVIEWS. 451

the Yapura basin; the third containing critical examination the various

views hitherto advanced the origin, antiquity, and significance the so-called

“inscriptions,” with author’s final conclusions the subject.

should added that the twenty-nine plates comprise prepared
reproductions own collections, the study which his conclusions are
chicily based. refuses look these rude objects learned
spectacles,” read into them lofty notions quite beyond the mental capacity
the present natives, whom and their still more primitive ancestors the
carvings are ascribed. They are not historical documents, even
records passing events; they cannot regarded any sense pictorial
writings, nor they possess much, any, religious significance, and Orsi Mon-
bello’s fantastic interpretations are dismissed with contempt. you like
indulge such extravagant you may draw anything, however absurd,
from the rock carvings, the style which quite primitive and artless, same
elementary forms recurring again and again, not only the upper Rio Negro and
surrounding districts, but throughout the whole South America.” fact, the
conclusion the same that arrived Mr. Cyrus Thomas regarding the
North American mound-buildings. None these things are beyond the power
the present Amerindians, and any earlier races higher capacity nothing

LANGUAGE.

‘Vocabularies the General Language the Incas Peru, Simi (called
Quichua the Spanish Sir Clements Markham,
London Ballantyne Co., Ltd. 1907.

his introduction this work, the author says, general language
the Incas Peru spoken the Andean regions South America over vast
area from Quito Tucuman and the Argentine Republic. was
the wisdom the Incas endeavour establish one language throughout their
dominions.” gives interesting account the spread this court language
Cuzco, and the works regarding which various authors have published
since 1560. Garcilaso Vega, Inca, states that was the general tongue, and
that his ancestors decreed that all men should learn it, and that natives Cuzco
were sent teach all new vassals.

This propagation the court language was not very difficult, for notable
that any South American Indian learns the language another with extreme
facility. Some scholars contest the claim Sir Clements that there was but one
general language, and that there was another, now spoken the the
Titicaca basin, who number about half million people Bolivia and
region,” says Sir Clements, was originally tribes called Collas, Lupacas,
Pacasas, Pacajes, and Urus,” and “there not single early writer who used the
word connection with these tribes.” characterizes blunder”
call the people the Collao and their language that name, and that the
word must have been unknown with reference the people the basin Lake
Titicaca the time the conquest.”

the centre the region, the members the Aymara
Academy,” devoted the study the people and their language, take exception
such conclusion. They state that Loaysa, Archbishop Lima, during
the councils held there (1552-1567), suggested that special attention should

paid the two general languages Quichua, tongue the Inca,
and the

The first book issued from the printing press Lima was Doctrina Cristiana
Catecismo para instruccion Indios’ under authority the Provincial Council.

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432 REVIEWS.

Its title-page reads: Translated the two general languages this kingdom,
Paz, the scholars refer Padre Bartonio’s work, also mentioned
Sir Clements Markham, and quote from the introduction written the Padre
Juli 1596: “There are many nations Indians, such the Canchis,
Caunas, Collas, Collagues, Lupacas, Pacases, Carancas, Charcas, and others; and
they have different names, they speak different tongues. There
this book the Lupaca language which among all the tongues holds
the first place. The Pacasas and Lupacas are the midst all the

The contention between Sir Clements Markham and his critics the Andes,
among whom the cabivet minister, his Excellency Ballivian, the erudite
President the Geographical Society Paz, extremely interesting, and the
linguistic world, well the student the history the Inca empire, owe
debt gratitude Sir Clements for originating the controversy. must
profound Quichua and scholar who dare enter the arena, and must belong
the retiarii hope entangle his adversary.

But Sir Clements has ample field for his ‘Runa Simi’ belt the Andes
2500 extent, and eastward, several places, the base the cordillera.
Even the Javary river, boundary between Brazil and Pert, the tribes use
Quichua to-day general tongue; but its spread down the eastern slopes the
Andes due more the Jesuit, Franciscan, and other missionaries than the
Incas themselves. The Portuguese missionaries carried Tupi geral
the Amazon the boundary-line the Spanish colonial where they
met the Spanish Padres who had descended the Andes arwed for their spiritual
labours with the Quichua language, which, preliminary, they taught the various
fragments tribes from which they formed their missions, for they could find
one language among their neophytes which well served their purpose. Hence
the colleges Quito and Ocopa was incumbent every friar learn Quichua
before departed for the scene his labours among the savages whose territory
once bordered the Inca empire.

All the Quichua-speaking regions are now awakening intense activity
under the lash modern progress. and Bolivia especially are rapidly coming
the front. The commerce and internal development the west coast South
America, including Ecuador, cannot urged their best possibilities without
their representatives being equipped with some knowledge the Quichua language,
and Sir Clements Markham’s timely little compendium offers excellent

medium for acquiring, not only outline its grammar, but ample vocabulary
for all essential purposes.

AUSTRALASIA AND PACIFIC ISLANDS.
VEGETATION WESTERN AUSTRALIA.
Pflanzenwelt von West-Australien siidlich des Wendekreises. Mit einer Einlei-

tung iiber die Gesamt-Australiens Von Dr.

Diels. Maps and Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 1906.

Another very valuable addition our rapidly increasing knowledge the
world’s bas been made the appearance monograph Dr.
Diels the plant-world that part Western Australia which lies the south
the tropic. The most interesting portion almost the whole book the
introduction. Tnis places before the reader concise summary the characteristic
features the vezetation the whole Australian continent. The vegetation
the great central plateau tropophil xerophil, exhibiting all possible modifica-
tions, till becomes the nature desert formation. Along the northern and

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REVIEWS. 433

eastern coast the continent there broad strip more luxuriant plant-growth,
with evea true rain-forest one part. the north-west and the south along
the great Australian bight, the steppe-like character the plateau-vegetation
reaches the coast. The south-western corner has only narrow strip hygrophil
vegetation. Towards the end the book Dr. Diels discusses the relation the
flora extra-tropical Western Australia other parts Australia, and other
parts the world. This flora typically and thus shows distinct
with the eastern and northern districts. exhibits, however, real
connection with any other part the Earth. the whole, also, there are very
great differences between the vegetation the Cape and that Western Australia,
although affinities have always been made much of. But the difference species
and types vegetation really more marked than the similarity. there
the latter may explained assuming far-back common origin from
southern-hemisphere flora, development along analogous lines. The
working out the history and development these two floral districts one
the important problems plant-geography.

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Two SEISMOLOGY.

(1) Earthquakes: introduction Seismic Geology.’ William Herbert Hobbs.
New York: Appleton Co. 1907. xxxi. and 336, Plates, 309 Illustra-
tions Text. Price net.

(2) Science Séismologique. Les tremblements Terre,’ avec une Préface par
Ed. Suess. Par Comte Montessus Ballore. Paris: Armand Colin. 1907.
Pp. viii. and 579, Plates, 540 Illustrations Text. Price fr.

sutor ultra crepidam maxim which would leid stagnation science
carried extreme, but the cobbler who takes another trade should learn
thoroughly before begins teach, and this Prof. Hobbs has not done.
geologist reputation, has developed theory earthquake origin which
accept part, though not entirely; but regards the science seismology
whole, his acquaintance with the work which has been done imperfect, and
guide his book frequently misleading its omissions. The title would lead
expect full treatment the geographical aspects earthquakes, but even
passes much the work which has been done others establishing
the fact that earthquake origins are much more extended than was one time
supposed, and attributes the discovery the principle steepest slopes
Montessus instead Prof. Milne. This principle, that the regions
great seismic and volcanic activity are those which the average surface slope
highest and steepest, one which, like the continent America, could not
escape discovery its truth more important, from scientific point view, than
the name the man who first gave expression it, but this mentioned all,

The Comte Montessus Ballore established reputation,
whose work has lain the domain statistical and geographical seismology.
writing general treatise the science, has had deal with subjects which
lie beyond the province his labours previous his acceptance the post
director the Seismological Service the Republic Chile, but, having read
nearly everything that has been written, and remembered nearly everything
has read, writing, moreover, with the lucidity and precision Frenchman,
has produced remarkably complete text-book seismology. The only section
with which find serious fault that dealing with instruments, where the want
experience their use, the interpretation their records, has led him

,
e
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434 REVIEWS.

into error more than one instance. His explanation the principle the
duplex pendulum not that offered the inventor, nor the correct one,
and the illustration 291 the principle the light and the heavy horizontal
pendulum curiously error. The principle the horizontal pendulum the
same whatever the weight, but may applied two different systems
mechanical construction. the one boom pivoted support, and maintained
horizontal position wire thread attached some point along its
This the system adopted what may call the Japanese type
horizontal pendulum, since was elaborated that country, and the system
depicted the principle the heavy pendulum but also the system
the Milne instrument, which is, proportion its dimensions, the lighiest
use. The other system construction utilizes rigid bracket-like framework,
which pivoted two knife-edges. This system may illustrated the
garden gate, and the one figured the principle the light horizontal
pendulum is, however, adopted the heavy horizontal pendula used Italy,
and the only system mechanically admissible where very heavy weights are
concerned also utilized the Rebeur Paschwitz instrument, which
light pendulum, though its lightness solely the result its small
and proportion these should classed heavy pendulum. The praise
the Wiechert instrument goes too far, and some the claims made for
cannot substantiated; not astatic reality, but only name, nor does
the damping the pendular oscillation enable record the actual movement
the ground. saying this intend dispraise; the instrament
admirable one, and marks the introduction what may called new principle,
any rate, new method applying old principle, the construction seismo-
graphs, but this does not make all other patterns obsolete, away with their
utility. The astronomer does not discard his transit instrument because will
not serve the purpose equatorial telescope, and more than one type instru-
ment will continue required seismology, and the free-swinging pendulum,
whether vertical horizontal, will still continue used and useful.

Apart from this chapter, the book deserves praise account the present
state our knowledge earthquakes, and may especially commend the inclusion
two chapters dealing with the methods construction avoided adopted
countries subject earthquakes. practical application the principles
seismology which generally neglected treatises the science.

GENERAL.

The Geological Society. 1907. xx., 336. With and
Plates Medals. Price 7s. 6d. (to

The unique position London has given its societies the opportunities
for exceptionally useful service; and probably society has had more profound
influence the science with which concerned than the Geological Society.
was established November 13, 1807, when eleven men met the
for geological conference and discussion. combined social aud
aims the young society led almost split its ranks.
Sir Humphrey Davy and Sir Joseph Banks held that the society was only
geological dining club,” which was not encroach the sphere
the Royal Society the publication new scientific serial. According those

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REVIEWS. 435

the founders who were primarily geologists, the dinner was secondary
importance the serious scientific work the society, and they intended its work
very serious. Geology was then disturbed spirit reckless speculation,
which had inherited from its ancestor Cosmogony. was the aim the founders
the Geological Society rescue geology from unscientific methods, and
establish firm basis accurately observed facts. was the ideal the
The proposed federation the society the Royal Society was rejected, and Davy
and Banks resigned their membership. Dinner part the official business
the society was soon abandoned, while the attendance the meetings increased,
and the papers and discussions grew interest and importance. The researches
the members the society both British and foreign geology were rewarded
rich harvest valuable materials, and their publication worthy scale
was rendered possible the generosity some the members; and the early
Transactions the Geological Society were issued with wealth illustration
that helped raise the standard scientific serial publication.

The society has been eminently successful its mission. has raised the
status geology, promoted the use detailed field work, prepared the way for the
establishment the Geological Survey, and guided and inspired most the best
work British geology. published geological map England and Wales,
which long remained the standard. Considering that the materials were collected
small number private surveyors, time when travel was difficult, slow,
expensive, and when the available topographical maps were very imperfect,
the map monument the devotion and skill its authors. society
has been helped towards success its strict attention its work. has been
careful avoid trespassing other sciences, and declined allow authors
transgress its boundary between geology and geography. ‘The one occasion
which the writer had abridge paper submitted the society was the omission
few paragraphs which were regarded physical geography rather than geology.

The society has gained world-wide scientific reputation but its meetings and
publications have been confined technical has made wide appeal
popular interest. has accordingly been the more easily able maintain
high standard scientific excellence. has, however, always included among its
Fellows men leisure and wealth, and has quietly accumulated moderate
capital and been able afford the publication its costly maps and
has also collected what perhaps the best existing geological library, and its
geological research.

The story the society’s work has now been well and concisely told
volume prepared for the recent centenary the society Mr. Woodward.
gives full sketch the foundation the society, and briefly summarizes its
later history and the chief branches its work, and calls attention some the
most famous discussions and contributions science published its
and Journals. narrative enlivened many racy personal anecdotes about
the leaders the society. The volume also contains valuable collection
historical data, which will make work permanent value reference the
history British geology. work illustrated with excellent series
photographs from Buckland its present President, Sir Archibald Geikie.

many the leading members the Geological Society have also been
connected with the Royal Geographical Society that Mr. Woodward’s valuable
monograph useful addition the history British geography.

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436 REVIEWS.

TRAVELS.

Prima traduzione, fatta sull’ originale Arabo Celestino
1906: Pp. xxvii., 412.

Travels Ibn Jubayr, edited William Wright. Second edition, re-

vised Goeje. Leyden: Brill. 1907.

The Arabic text Jubayr’s travels was ably edited Wright, with
the aid Prof. Dozy (Leyden, 1852); his account Sicily was edited and
translated, with most valuable notes, Amari (Paris, 1846); his description
Syria and Egypt great part reproduced, the Arabic text being here also
accompanied with French version, the Recueil des Historiens des Croisades,
Historiens Orientaux, vol. (Paris, 1884); and smaller sections have been dealt
with other works, such Wiedemann’s zur Geschichte
but Schiaparelli’s version the complete voyages this great Spanish Moslem
renders great service all scholars and historians, especially those un-
acquainted but moderately acquainted with Ibn Jubayr’s mother-tongue.
valuable introduction (pp. followed useful summary the
route our traveller, who, starting from Granada February 1183, returned
Granada April 25, 1185. The translation itself, occupying 348 pages,
illustrated serviceable notes, all too brief (pp. 351-68); good indexes
persons and places conclude the work. Among the most noteworthy sections
this Viaggio are (1) those which treat Moslem Spain, the islands the
Greek archipelago, Crete, Sicily, Sardinia, the Balearics (pp. 3-8, 310-348);
(2) the Mesopotamian sections, especially the description Baghdad (pp. 198-237,
and the Meccan and Damascene (pp. 53-150, etc., Ibn Jubayr
was endowed with exceptional qualifications observer and historian, and
serious student the twelfth century can safely neglect him. regrettable that
map accompanies this issue.

1907 the Trustees the Gibb Memorial re-issued text,
revised Prof. Goeje, with Wright’s original preface and notes, and some
additions the “But comparison edition with the former”
(Wright’s original) will show,” says Goeje, “that had very little change.”
interesting know that Robertson Smith intended one time have
undertaken this revision now carried through

Geography.’ Ellis Heaton, London: Ralph Holland

Co. 1906. Book The British Isles. Book IV. North America. Book

Africa. Maps and 1s. 6d. net

Geography.’ Willis Johnson, Pp. 322. New York
American Book Co. Price $1.00.

Rational three parts. Part (195 pp.) Climate; the British
Isles; Europe. Ernest Young, London: Philip Son.
1s. 6d.

Mr. Heaton’s preface states that his books are for students who intend taking
the subject for Matriculation, Preliminary Certificate, Certificate
Each consists Part I., dealing with general and Part sections
giving all the materials required for sketch-map such examiners ask
The aim the author fairly well fulfilled. But, apart from the geological
treatment Parts each, which the main good and commendable, the
humanistic geographical concepts are wanting, and hence Parts II. have little
recommend them from that view. The collection facts will far

tow:
The
take
natt
Cert
diag
out.

cons
the
the
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and
The
The
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REVIEWS. 437

towards enabling student meet the requirements the above examinations.
The plan the books has produced sound analytical treatment, with few mis-
takes selection, and not many serious omissions. The type treatment
naturally much the same level for each volume. the whole advance
shown the type text-book generally use, especially for the Preliminary
Certificate Examination. Each volume has glossary geological terms, several
diagram-maps, generally clear, and set typical exercises for the student work
out. many general and descriptive statements for which the teacher would have
find the details and illustrations detract from the nature the books.

Mr. Johnson’s book commended, being one the few books which treat
consistently one aspect geography. compiled from many sources which
the teachers can seldom, ever, find opportunity togo. The first portion deals with
the general aspects this side geography simply, and later chapters take and
expand explain previous passages. The book designed for secondary schools
and for teachers’ preparation, and for the latter most useful compendium.
The style clear throughout, and the examples and applications are practical.
There good chapter Projections, appendices Gravity, Motions the
Earth’s Axis, Mathematical Treatment Tides, the Zodiac, Practical Work
Mathematical Geography, formule and tables, and glossary and index. These
all supplement the fourteen chapters the text. The publishers claim that
work. doubtful that entirely true the strictest sense, but that
does not detract from its value collection from many sources,

Mr. Young’s books are designed meet the requirements the Board
Education’s syllabus for secondary schools. the first section attempt has been
made piace the psychological before the logical order the subject. This section
brightly written, though the style severely heuristic,” and might tax the
patience many pupils. the later sections the severely logical arrangement
militates against any regional treatment, and places becomes summary and
little more, while considerable amount descriptive padding finds its way in,
and serves confuse the main issue. The whole planning, however, the three
work should considered before passing too strong opinion the
preliminary volume. There are several more expensive text-books which not
suit general requirements well this.

The consideration these text-books leads one more than ever the con-
clusion that, though certain course may planned for term’s year’s work
geography, necessary make provision for parallel courses general
aspects the subject, such Mathematical Geography, Climate, Morphology, etc.,
and especially are these the province practical work. suggested, the use
the term parallel,” that advisable keep them distinct. The above-
mentioned Rational Geography’ seems arranged somewhat these lines,
and the ‘Mathematical Geography’ might well used the basis course

SHORT NOTICES.

Plagues and Pleasures Life Bengal,’ Lieut.-Colonel
Cunningham (London: Murray. 1907. Pp. xi., 385. 12s. net),
divided into two parts, the first dealing with certain insects and other creatures
common occurrence gardens and houses Bengal; and the second more
attractive section the general reader) with the seasons Bengal garden.”

Cairo, Jerusalem, and Three Chief Cities the Egyptian
Margoliouth. (London: Chatto Windus. 1907. Pp. xvi.,
301. 20s. net.) Dr. Margoliouth, with some modesty, speaks
the text this work “the letterpress accompany Mr. Walter Tyrwhitt’s

’

O
t

ie

is

at
ve

07.
cal
the

far

438 THE MONTHLY RECORD.

drawings,” but will easily recognized that the text stands far different

ef

level from that which often fills out picture-books. blocks which
form the majority the illustrations are also above the average results achieved
this process, especially where the tendency crudeness colour

‘The Guide South Edited Brown and Brown, for yac
the Union Castle Steamship Co. London: Sampson and
Pp. 478. Maps. 2s. 6d.) The present edition maintains its standard value whi
“tourists, sportsmen, invalids, and Among Messrs. Philip’s maps
which contains, those scientific import, such geological, and Spi
climatological, though inclined roughness, are unusual and laudable feature
such book. When stated that Part the text, dealing with the country
from physical, economic, and historical aspects, covers 278 pages (Part II. being
devoted routes), will understood that conception this guide something else
more than merely traveller’s handbook. the

‘The Boa Estrada Plantations, Thomé.’ Monteiro Mendonca. Pro
Pp. 63. This study, with statistics and numerous the
plates, the methods and conditions life one the most important estates
the Portuguese isiand St. Thomas. Its object provide example
colonial methods, such, has been asserted, are yet seek some parts the
Portuguese empire. medical and general treatment native labourers the the
most prominent subject the work.

America.— Dr. John McLoughlin, the Father Oregon.’ Frederick
Holman. (Cleveland: Arthur Clark 1907. Pp.
12s. 6d.) This simple and interesting record the career the first pioneer
Oregon, Canadian born (1784), who represented the Hudson’s Bay Company
the far west, became American citizen, and died 1857, victim intrigues Jour
against the reward which his work should have brought him.

der Vereinigten Staaten.’ (Angewandte
Serie, Heft.) Prof. Dr. Oppel. (Halle: Gebauer-Schwetschke the
Druckerei. 1907. Diagrams. 3.50m.) This encyclopedic study the
the United States, especially from the economical standpoint, small
Considered educational work, receives, our ideas, somewhat forbidding
from the extensive use statistics. men

With the Border Memories the Far West, 1852-1868. mon
Illustrations. 12s. net.) This interesting narrative life adventure
Western Virginia, Kansas, and Texas. gives striking pictures the West
these early” times.

THE MONTHLY RECORD.
THE

Royal Medals and Other Awards for 1908.—With the approval
Majesty the King Patron, the two royal medals for the current year
have been awarded—the Founder’s Medal Lieut. Boyd Alexander,
and the Patron’s Medal the Prince Monaco. The story
Lieut. Boyd three years’ journey across Africa, the cost
which was borne entirely himself and his brother officers
died during the expedition, well known the Fellows from

Alexander’s letters the Journal, and from the paper which read

expe

year
nder,
ost
who
read

THE MONTHLY RECORD. 439

before the Society last session. Recently the results have been embodied
his work ‘From the Niger the The Prince Monaco has
pursued the study oceanography for many years, first the sailing
yacht Hirondelle, then from 1891 the schooner Princesse Alice,
latterly the finely appointed steam-yacht the same name,
which designed and equipped oceanographical laboratory.
recent years has explored successive seasons the coasts
Spitsbergen and the adjacent seas, and has published remarkable and
most valuable chart the oceans, which all deep-sea soundings are
entered and isobaths drawn with greater detail than has been attempted
elsewhere. the other awards, Lieut.-Colonel Delmé-Radcliffe receives
the Murchison Grant for his survey work Resident the Nile
Province the Uganda Protectorate, and chief the British section
the Anglo-German Commission for the survey the frontier
the Victoria Nyanza and Ruwenzori, account which submitted
the Society 1905; Dr. Longstaff, the Gill Memorial, for his
explorations, carried out his own expense, the Himalayas, including
the ascent Mount Trisul recently described Dr. Longstaff
evening meeting the Society; and Rai Sahib Ram Singh, the
Cuthbert Peek Grant, for his survey work during the past ten years
and Chinese Turkestan under Captain Deasy, Dr. Stein, Captain
Rawling, and Major Ryder. shown Dr. Stein’s letters the
Journal, Ram Singh has been for the past two years with Dr. Stein
the latter’s second expedition Chinese Turkestan.

Memorial the late Sir Leopold M’Clintock.. The Royal Society,
the Royal Geographical Society, and Trinity House have undertaken
the expense memorial the late Sir Leopold M’Clintock
Westminster Abbey, with the consent the Dean and Chapter. The
memorial will consist alabaster slab, placed underneath the
monument Sir John Franklin, whose fate was definitely ascertained
Sir Leopold during his celebrated expedition the The in-
scription will follows

ALSO COMMEMORATED
ADMIRAL SIR LEOPOLD
1819-1907
DISCOVERER OF THE FATE OF FRANKLIN

Mr. Proposed Expedition across South has
been stated through the Press and otherwise, that expedition which
being organized Mr. George Melville Boynton, entitled Dis-
covery Darkest America Expedition,” under the auspices the
Society, the Council desire state that the Society has nothing
with the expedition whatever. the same time, the Council have
means forming any opinion the organization objects the
expedition, the competency its commander.

ot
‘or
-8,
ue
ing
ing
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ites
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West

THE MONTHLY

EUROPE.

Black Rain Ireland.—The February number Symons’s
Magazine contains communication from Dr. Boeddicker the subject
fall black rain observed various parts Central and Western Ireland
October and 1907. The fall was reported, reply inquiry
from over thirty different stations, and the rain probably fell over still
larger area. The amount soot deposited was many cases great that rain-
water tanks had emptied and cleaned, while clothes hung out bleach were
blackened. disagreeable was also noticed various places. The cloud
seems have come from the south-east, and the its greatest width fron
south-west north-east must have been not less than 110 miles; the not
less than 80. the latter day black rain was reported from point near Westport,
the Atlantic coast Mayo), that the laden cloud, originating probably
South Wales, shown have crossed the channel and the whole Ireland, the
disgorging its soot into the Atlantic.
The Underground Connection between the Upper Danube and the
the Aach, which enters the Unter See the Lake Constance near
Radolfzell, derives much its water-supply underground channels from the
upper Danube, was long matter belief, was actually demonstrated
experiments carried out 1877. The subject has, however, lately attracted
renewed attention, and further experiments means chemicals, carried out last
year, have rest some points which had remained doubtful. careful study
the whole question has been made, others, Prof. Endriss, Stutt-
gart, who discussed the meeting German naturalists that city
and has given the gist his paper recent number the Naturwissen- bet
schaftliche Wochenschrift (1908, No. 7). Another paper, Dr.
appeared the twelfth number Petermanns Mitteilungen for 1907. might
supposed, the belt country across which this underground flow takes place
composed mainly limestone (Jurassic). Danube water sinks into the ground
various spots either side the frontier, but the greatest
loss experienced the Briihl,” between and the
volume absorbed here being great that for good part the summer the
drop finds its way down the valley. The upper Danube then belongs wholly
the Rhine system, the water-parting being considerable distance the
east, while the Danube forced find new gathering-ground the Swabian
Alb. But this not all, for the experiments 1907 have proved that further
withdrawal water takes place near considerably lower down, this like-
wise finding its way, strange course, tothe Aach. This state things
favoured the low level the Rhine valley, compared with that the Danube,
but from the length time taken the low-water stage the Danube felt
the Aach seems that the water must stored extensive reservoir,
possibly due the same tectonic forces which have created the depression
Lake Constance. The withdrawal water serious matter for the town the
and other places the Danube, and efforts have been made check
it, though these have not unnaturally met with opposition from the dwellers the
valley the Aach, who benefit it. probable that some the Danube water
also finds its way the Rhine the Wutach, which enters below Schaffhausen,
and some tco, possibly, northern route vid the Neckar.
New Route between Sweden and announced that the
Swedish Parliament has recently ratified the agreement with Germany (previously

ratified the Prussian Dict) for the establishment powerful ferry service

I |
ut,

neat
the
icted
last
tutt-
1906,
night
round
ea test
the
the
vabian
like-
things
felt
the
own
check
the
ye water

service

THE MONTHLY RECORD. 441

between the two countries for the purpose supplying direct railway transport
from one the other. The terminal points the ferry will Trelleborg, just
west the southernmost point Sweden, and Sassnitz, the Jasmund peninsula

Intermittent Lakes Russia.—A good deal has been done lately
investigate the phenomena Russia, especially the lake region south
Lake Onega. The results have been published Russian journals, but have
been made generally accessible summary contributed Spelunca
(vol. No. 49, 1907) Yermoloff. The lakes Onega have
been examined (among others) Kulikovski, who considers the formation
this region, much which consists limestone, Devonian age.
the lakes, which the largest the Shimozero, communicate natural channels,
though, they are not filled and emptied simultaneously, the direction flow
these changes from time Shimozero discharges its waters into
abyss some miles the east, which seems communicate ultimately, the
river, with Onega. November sometimes completely empty, apart
from stream which loses the abyss above mentioned. Another abyss
enguifs the waters the the other end the system, during
portion the year. second system lakes lies little the east, and
connected underground channels with the Bielo-ozero, White lake, and
with the system the phenomena presented here are identical
with those already described, the lakes being drained periodically means
similar abysses, though only the Kaino which disappears entirely. several
cases the inhabitants have sought preserve the fishing constructing dam,
but one only with success. Although most the water these lakes finds its
way towards the Volga system, some probably reaches that Lake Onega. Not
far off, the Novgorod government, Lake Druzhino which empties itself,
intervals seven years, The engulfment takes place the short space
twenty-four hours, and seems probable that the water finds its way under-
ground the All the lakes far mentioned from the Lake
(the classical example intermittent lake) not being filled
the same channel which they are emptied, but ordinary, above-ground,
agencies, the process sometimes taking long years. the case Lake
Siamgo, the Arkhangel government, the waters which are said disappear
with much regularity once four years, the takes place with great
rapidity within few days its emptying, and the same underground channel.
Among other striking features this region are the instances streams, the

direction whose flow reversed according the state the water-supply the
lakes with which they are connected.

ASIA.

The Count Journey across Central 1904 and 1905
the Lesdain and his wife carried out some extensive journeys the
interior parts the Chinese the course which, thanks doubt the
the British military expedition the former year, they achieved the dis-
tinction the whole width ‘Tibet from north south, and eventually
the plains India. The journey was referred the time the
public press, but regular narrative was laid befure geographical circles until
December last, when the count read paper before the Paris Geographical Society,
isummary appearing the January number Geoyraphie, the organ that
this abridged form not easy follow the travellers’ routes through-
ut, many the places visited being spoken under names that find place

1908.]

4a
on
rd
till
in-
ere
not
ort,
bly
the

442 THE MONTHLY RECORD.

our maps. The first part the journeys had with Mongolia and the
After visiting the ruins the Ordos country, the travellers crossed the Hwang-Ho
into Alashan, where they likewise examined some ancient tombs and other remains,
including those the Mongols Poro Hoto. After going south into
Kansu, they once more turned north for Alashan and the Gobi, which last they
visited place spoken Repalaraitsu, and made survey the Pua-ho and
Lake Large tracts were found fertile and cultivated.
Gnansi-chu (Ansi Ngansi) they made their preparations for the journey across
Tibet, which they finally started with sixty mules and ten drivers, besides four
horses and four camels, the mountains which separate the Gobi from
they crossed the latter (fixing the position the Dabasun-nor
and then struck for the sonrces the which they claim have reached
nearly 23,000 feet. Most the baggage animals succumbed the
difficulties the route, and before reaching civilization three their men also
died, Crossing the Amdo mountains, they made for the lacustrine region the
south, coming the encampments nomads, but suffering hindrance from
them. Having reached they held their course for Shigatse, and
Sikkim India.

Old Map the courtesy Alexander
the late secretary and honorary member the Imperial Russian
Geographical Society, photograph very interesting seventeenth-century
manuscript map Siberia has been added the Map Room our
map was found Gregoriev the old summer residence Peter the Great
Ekaterinhof, near St. Petersburg, and its existence has been known him since
1885, although only recently that has been possible settle the question
its authorship and actual date. shown Grigoriev pamphlet
has written, and copy which has been good enough present with the
photograph, the map was drawn Tobolsk certain Semen Remesov,
taught cartographer, order Prince superintendent the Sibirsky
Prikez, the department which 1763 had deal with Siberian affairs.
order was issued Moscow January 10-20, 1696, and the map was
and despatched Moscow from Tobolsk September 18-28, 1697. The area
included the map extends from the Arctic ocean the Great Wall China, and
from the Volga the China sea. Korea shown the south-east and the sea
Azov the south-west corners the map. The photograph reduction
measuring inches inches, but the valuable and interesting original
measures about feet feet. painted colours somewhat thick
cotton material, and fairly well preserved. The Czar has now entrusted the
map the custody the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, where will
doubtless highly appreciated.

AFRICA.

The Desert west Wadi Comyn sends some notes
circular trip made him the now little-frequented desert west Wadi
with remarks the possibility opening route across Tripoli. His
starting-point was Wadi Halfa, whence struck north-west Sheb the
caravan route from Assiut Darfur (followed Browne the end
the eighteenth century) known the Darb Arbain, “Forty
Hence pushed the same direction halting-place named Terfaui, from

The position these not Rockhill, who passed very close them
1892, placed them about 334° N., 91°

|
‘ Scant
Scatee
\
E

THE MONTHLY 443

Sketch Map
of the desert routes west of

HALFA

from a prismatic compass traverse
LIEUT.0.COMYN WATCH)
Terfaus
At Scale 1'3.000.000 ort inch+ 47-35 Stat Miles
to » A

Route Railways =<== Wells.

10

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which point found advisable begin the return journey, which was effected
circuitous route the south. great part the country traversed vast

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our |
‘om Safsaf |
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444 THE MONTHLY RECORD.

tableland extending westwards into the depths the desert, the surface formed
largely vast level tracts sand, varied rocky eminences sandhills.
former are frequently the sugar-loaf form, but sometimes table-topped, and tlie
sandbills are mostly rounded hummocks known the name
covered one side acacia bushes (Selim Kitr), though examples
crescent-shaped moving dunes were also seen. wells, most which yield
more less brackish water, are frequently placed depressions (sometimes
shaped) below the general level the plateau. The rocks various places were
the most diverse colours—red, purple, green, yellow, black, etc., and the sand
was sometimes bright red when turned up. Around Bir-el-Sheb well
considerable deposits this substance were seen, and elsewhere there
are beds worked some extent. block-house still exists Sheb.
Terfaui evidences were seen that the place had once been oasis importance,
the remains camping-grounds the passage great
Lieut. Comyn thinks that other oases exist the north-west, and points cut
that line them known run south-east from Tripoli, the unexplored gap
only 350 miles width. the return the party direct route
(where are ruins said those Christian convent), and then struck west into
the desert, crossing two disused roads north and south. vast level plain
with mirror-like surface extended this direction, broken occasionally sand-
ridges, and one part strewn with boulders, solitary tundub tree (Capparis
aphylla) was also seen. Skeletons birds strewed the ground places, and
Lieut. Comyn was told that times flights birds struggle from the west
exhausted condition the wells Selima. heavy dew was experienced
during the two nights spent the level plain above referred to. About Ein Aza,
where the Arbain road was rejoined, stony waste, very trying travel over, took
the place the sand. The plateau seems have now been left, its escarpment
was seen the north the further journey the Nile, during which some very
rocky undulating country was passed. the greater part the journey the
vegetation consisted palms (date, dom, etc.), the acacia bushes above mentioned,
and taklis halfa grass; but Safsaf the grass, curiously enough, was the
kind found the marshy banks the Nile. withers when the Nile
falls, but becomes luxuriant again with the rise the river, when the water
almost level with the surface. Some trees formerly grew here, but were cut down
1894. seem fairly abundant, and insect life described rife.
pair falcons were seen rocky eminence. the former presence
man were seen old quarry near Legia, prehistoric ruin miles east
this, and hand-grindstone (for corn) found little west Selima.

Colonel Saharan Expedition 1906.—This expedition, which
was referred some time ago the was undertaken, will
bered, with view effecting junction, near Taodeni, with party from
the Sudan under MM. Cauvin and Cortier vol. 29, 346). The narrative
the expedition, given Lieut. Niéger Géographie for December,
shows that this crossing the desert was less -fruitful results than others
the many traverses French explorers within recent years. The astronomical
and other observations, carried out Lieut. Niéger, are useful contribution the
mapping the Western Sahara, and the general observations the physical con-
ditions are considerable interest. was Colonel Laperrine’s original
cross direct route from Adghar Tuat Taodeni, but, the intervening
tract being almost unknown, failed obtain guide, and was forced
circuitous route farther cast, approach Taodeni from the south-east across
stretch waterless country. The southward portion the route did not

dt

ge

SEC

the

the

SOL

we

mina

pre

and

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very
the
med,
the
Nile
jown
sence
ast

which
from
1907,
hers
the
con-
take
did not

THE MONTHLY RECORD. 445

diverge widely from those former travellers, though some new bits country
were traversed. Lieut. Niéger makes some interesting remarks respecting the
drainage which goes west from the hilly regions the northern Tuareg country,
which seems all converge the great Sebkha saline basin Mati,
hitherto quite unexplored. Even the Wed Saura, which has its origin long way
north Tuat, appears debouch the same basin, the examination which will
piece wo:k for some future traveller. Between the well-known
halting-place Zize and the well Gernen, the route led for five days across
the waterless plain the Tanezruft. After rest amid the pasturages Itafok,
where many Tuareg were seen, the expedition struck little south
west towards Ashurat, over country broken rocky eminences, with depressions
which receive the drainage from the southern Adrar. Later the weds were purely
local extension, but some contained thick gum trees. The only fodder
which grows naturally these southern regions the From Ashurat the
route led north-west across the remarkable system sand-dunes, iunning regularly
from south-west north-east, already described Lieut. Cortier loc. cit.).
The absence wells this tract may due part the policy the Tuareg,
who are exposed attack from the Arab tribes the west and north-west, and are
not desirous facilitating communications. After meeting the southern detach-
meut Gettara, and spending some time the neighbourhood Taodeni
great centre caravan routes, where some valuable information the rezion
the north was obtained), Colonel Laperrine set out the return journey the
direct route the north-east, for which had been fortunate obtaining guide
—probably the man who knew it. very broken region—known the
generic term Aukar—had first traversed, after which followed the great Erg
known Shasb, which its main features resembles the Igidi west
present practically deserted, and the party experienced
for the wells were neglected state and gave only brackish water, though the
route was once much more frequented. itself, however, the Erg presents

insurmountable difficulties those who know well. The first the Tuat oases
was reached July

The Duke Expedition East Central Africa, the
organization which was announced the Journal year ago, arrived, during the
course last summer, the region Lake Kivu, whence, also from points
touched earlier, the leader has sent home accounts the work far accom-
These have appeared the Rundschau, extracts being also repro-
duced the Deutsches Kolonialblatt (February 1908), end less length the
Zeitschrift the Berlin Geographical Society (1908, No. 1). The Duke accom-
panied number experts, who, besides surveys, are carrying out zoological,
geological, ethnographical, and other researches. Bukoba, the Victoria Nyanza,
was reached June the westward march being resumed the 19th. Different
sections the expedition surveyed different districts near the course the
Kagera, new tributary which river was discovered the region between and
the Lubogora. Passing through Ruanda, the expedition reached the military post
Kissenye, from which, centre, explorations Lake Kivu and its neighbour-
hood were carried out. strong surf was noticed the lake-shore each evening,
there being wind the time account for it, and suggested that has
some connection with the volcanicity the region the north. Investigations
were made into the fauna and flora the lake and its islands, the former proving
poor species, which harmony with the idea its recent origin.
Dr. Kirschstein, the geologist the party (who, company with Lieut. Weiss, had
previously examined the bush-steppe south finding much-broken

re
re
ap
ma j
nto
an
nd-

446 MONTHLY
mountain country much resembling Karagwe), discovered the north-east and
north shores the lake remains now extinct fauna, which, thinks, may
throw light its history. His studies the volcanoes led him conclude that
their activity dying out progressively from east west, being present greatest
the case Namlagira. Studies the fauna these mountains were made

Dr. Schubotz. October the duke was planning proceed through Congo territory
Lake Albert Edward.

Coetivy transferred the letters patent dated January
1908, the small island Coetivy, lying the south-south-east the main portion
the Seychelles group, has been united with that protectorate, having previously
remained attached Mauritius. was pointed out Mr. Gardiner his paper
the Seychelles vol. 29, 148), the reason for its remaining when
the Seychelles proper were separated from Mauritius 1903 was the fact that its
proprietor (like that Farquhar the south-west) belonged the more southern
colony. may presumed that the transfer Farquhar will only matter
time.

AMERICA.

Region the Colorado Delta: Latest Changes.—The exceptional pheno-
mena presented the sudden irruption the Colorado into the Salton basin
have afforded fruitful field for study, which advantage being taken
more than one organization. beginning was made early 1907 Mr.
MacDougal connection with the Desert Laboratory the Carnegie Institution,
and proposed continue the investigations during the recession the Salton
lake, with view observing the movements and behaviour plants the
occupation denuded area. The preliminary expedition, during which the
Salton lake was and the second basin the west the Cucopa
mountains explored, has already supplied interesting data the physical conditions
the region, which are described Mr. MacDougal the Bulletin the
American Geographical Society for December, 1907. Many samples the water
the Salton lake and also the Colorado river were collected, analyses showing
that, while the constituents the lake water approximate more nearly those
the river than sea-water, there still difference character between the
two former, which seems show that the soluble matters the lake are not
derived exclusively from the Colorado. part the floor the basin was
saline deposits, and during its filling (in which the water-level rose
altogether feet between November, 1904, and March, 1907) marked difference
was found between the amount salts carried different points, the shallower
portions showing much greater degree concentration, though eventually the
action currents, brought about much greater uniformity. When its
highest the lake occupied area between 600 and 700 square miles, its margin
presenting singular aspect owing the absence any real beach, and the
encroachment the water the desert vegetation. Long tongues water
sometimes extended from the general shore-line into barrancas cut the sides
the basin, and these the swell the lake would converted into oscillating
currents. relative humidity proved that, while the immediate
shore this might reach per cent., would have fallen per
1000 yards’ distance, beyond which the unchanged aridity the desert was soon
encountered. Any effect vegetation would therefore limited the immediate
vicinity the shore. Mr. MacDougal’s trip west the Cucopa ridge showed that
the basin the Maquata lagoon (for which proposes the name Pattie basin, after
the trappers that name who traversed 1828) also ancient arm the

con!

Dut

gi
fo
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we
th:
the
to
hig
the
“ b
the
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act
Cry
pro
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the
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Th:
whi
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last

THE MONTHLY RECORD. 447

gulf, and that it, like the Salton, integral part the delta. The lake filled
more frequently than the Salton, the flood-water making its way into from the
main western arm the Colorado round the southern end the Cucopa range
shallow sheet miles wide. more recent note the National
Geographic Magazine (January, 1908), Mr. MacDougal reports that new main
mouth has been formed the Colorado the east side the head the gulf, the
channel utilized being flood channel which had called attention
(Journal, vol. 21, 631). likely have important consequences,
including probable blocking the previous main mouth, and reduction the
force the tidal bore. Another investigation carried out the Salton
lake the U.S. Weather Bureau for the purpose elucidating the conditions
evaporation. Some preliminary experiments Reno, Nevada, described
Prof. Bigelow the same number the National Magazine,
point necessary modification current ideas, being shown that the process
may greatly retarded the vapour blanket formed immediately above the
water

Santa Cruz Island, West the title Building
(Christiansted, 1907), Mr. John Quin discusses the geological history
Santa Cruz, the north-east corner the Caribbean sea. With length
miles, and breadth the island has area square miles, three-quarters
that the Isle Wight. rises abruptly from the sea the north, but the
south the 100-fathom boundary-line encloses further area great that
the island. west end the island oblong, while low neck joins
the triangular east part. ‘The west oblong hilly, Blue mountain rising
1100 feet. The east triangle rises from the intervening neck ranges 800 feet
high, and parallel those the west oblong. lowland neck formed
limestone and and each side, viz. through
the east triangle and the north-west oblong, the geological formation known
beach.” composed clay and quartz, and older than the limestone
the plain. The blue beach” formation has been folded forces acting from
the north-north-east, while other forces have acted crosswise. essentially
clay formation, which, though ultimately igneous, has been stratified the
action the sea. Later its configuration has been modified heat and water.
Crystalline forms occur, with frequent jointing and cleavage. the central plain
proofs sinking are found. When the mountain crests were planed away, the
land sank and was covered with limestone and marl deposits, which lay upon
the upturned edges the strata. Igneous dykes occur this section, but
there are valuable metal ores. valleys the island have been carved
out the uplifted strata, which the hills are the remnants. The denuding
influence chiefly the rainfall, which about inches, double that the
Thames valley, though the thick vegetation protects the land from weathering
some extent. Santa Cruz lies the east extremity the Antillean chain,
which stretches from west east, and which Porto Rico, Cuba, and Jamaica
show signs similar geological history, limestone formations the seaward
slopes. If, with Dr. Spencer, regard the West Indies sunken plateau
connecting North and South the island takes its place unsubmerged
this vast area.

AUSTRALASIA AND PACIFIC ISLANDS.

Dutch New account published the Tijdschrift the
Dutch Geographical Society, xxv., No. the Lorentz expedition which
last autumn set out from the south coast, the North river with the

f
n
1é
se
JSC
yer
its
the
ter
des
ing
ate
ate
hat
the

448 MONTHLY RECORD.

object reaching the Sneeuwgebergte (Snow mountains) lying the east
the isthmus formed Geelvinck bay. The furthest camp was pitched the
ridge the Hellwiggebergte height 2170 metres (7100 feet), where fine
view was obtained several mountain groups. The height the Herwerden-
Top, miles distant, was estimated about 5000 metres (16,400
summit, like the Snow mountains, visible from the sea. The latter were not
visible from the camp, but from elevations observed the route were estimated
rise 5000 metres, 100 metres less than the height calculated
higher point the Hellwig mountains, about 7600 feet, was reached,
roughly 29’ lat. and 50’ long. expedition here turned back,
owing scarcity provisions, the distance from the sea ina straight line being
about miles,

The Magnetic Survey the Pacific, the U.S. ship was
during 1907, and now approaching completion. From statement
January learn that the Galilee, which had left San Francisco December,
1906 (as previously, under the command Mr. Peters), made the tour
the Pacific way the Marquesas, Samoa, Shanghai, Alaska, Hawaii,
New Zealand, arriving Lyttelton December last. determination the
three magnetic elements was made about every 200 250 miles along the entire
route, while comparisons between the ship’s instruments and those observatories
the route were secured. was expected that the would reach
Francisco Peru about May bringing close cruises amounting total
some 65,000 miles.

POLAR REGIONS.

Mr. Antarctic Expedition.—The ship Nimrod returned New
Zealand early last month after landing Mr. Shackleton and the other members
the expedition who are wintering the Antarctic the shores From
lengthy despatch Mr. Shackleton, which has been cabled London news-
paper, appears that the Nimrod was badly strained during the storms encountered
after the expedition left Lyttelton, and that members the scientific staff well
the crew had take their turn the pumps. The Koonya towed the expe-
dition till ice was sighted, and gained the distinction being, Mr. Shackleton
not mistaken, the first steel steamer which has crossed the Antarctic Circle. After
the departure the Koonya, the course the Nimrod was directed south along
the 178th meridian west longitude. For several hours the following day
(January 16) the vessel had thread her way among large icebergs, but the open
waters the Ross sea were reached without any sign the pack-ice through
which previous expeditions have had force passage. The ice-barrier was
sighted January 22, and the expedition then turned eastward carry out
Mr. Shackleton’s intention establish winter quarters King Edward VII. Land.
Mr. Shackleton reports, however, that access the land this direction was
barred the ice. Repeated spells bad weather were experienced, and
decided make for McMurdo sound, the other end the ice-barrier. Here
winter quarters were established Cape Royds, under the shadow Mount Erebus,
about miles north the Discovery’s winter quarters. landing the
motor-car, ponies, dozs, and other equipment was not accomplished without
difficulties, and once the Nimrod was blown sea blizzard with the
temperature 16° Fahr. below zero. the voyage north, however, the Nimrod
had excellent run, leaving the winter camp February 22, and arriving
Port Chalmers March The landing-party appears fifteen strong, having
been joined Prof. David, Sydney; Mr. Marson, chemist and physicist,

T
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a
s
(
(
I

fter
ong
day
pen
ugh
was
out
was
Tere
bus,
the
nout
the
od
ving

THE MONTHLY RECORD. 449

Adelaide; and Mr. Armytage, hunter and traveller, Melbourne. Since the
Discovery expedition the region around McMurdo sound not virgin territory
the same sense that King Edward VII. Land, but there plenty room for
scientific work, and doubt big effort will made reach the pole.
The Nimrod return for the explorers the beginning next year.
reported that Captain England has resigned his command, and according
telegram from Wellington, doubtful whether the magnetic survey the Indian
ocean, which was allotted the work the Nimrod during the coming year, will
undertaken.

MATHEMATICAL AND PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Nieve Penitente.—Subsequent the reference this subject our meeting
January, long and interesting discussion was held meeting the
Research Branch the Berlin Geographical Society February last. The
subject was introduced papers from Dr. Hauthal and Dr. Hans Meyer, recording
their observations the Andes, and from Dr. Fritz Jaeger, giving his experience
Kilimanjaro.* Dr. Meyer points out that the original form the phrase used
describe the singular rows snow-pinnacles observed tropical ranges was nieve
los penitentes, and that the proper abbreviation penitente. prefers,
however, find German name. Dr. Hauthal suggests the literal
translation the Spanish phrase, while Dr. Meyer would the more
precisely descriptive Zackenfirn The papers are illustrated
photographs exhibiting very clearly the phenomenon its different stages, from
hummocky snowfield isolated and tottering spires and pinnacles. The evidence
shows that the first stage series ridges the snowfield running all cases
approximately south-east and north-west direction. These ridges soon
break into pyramidal forms sharp cones and spikes ranged rows corre-
sponding the ridge they represent with almost regimental regularity.
height ordinarily from feet. Dr. Meyer narrates how, Chimborazo,
was able watch these process formation interval
seven weeks. During this period the mountain had been enveloped clouds
during the hottest part most days. therefore believes that the cause
their formation should found rather hot wiuds than sunshine. Similar
snowy were seen Dr. Jaeger Kilimanjaro. considers that
after eight days’ fine weather recognized the the Bernese
Oberland snow-ridges similar small scale those which the snow-teeth
originate. the discussion that followed, Herr Meyer allowed that sun more
often than wind was the cause the phenomenon. Very various views were
expressed the different speakers the cause the ridges out which the
snow-teeth are formed. Some alleged differences the internal structure the
snowfield, others the action heat-absorbent dust its surface, and others wind
action. The prevailing opinion, however, seemed that the two causes which
had most effect were long seasons without snowfall and vertical sun, the rays
which fell the bottom the hollows and converted them into troughs. The
pinnacles appear protected many cases icy caps, thus certain extent
resembling earth-pillars the cause their prolonged duration. reference
was made during the discussion Mr. Cornish’s elaborate researches into snow-
waves and ripples (see Geographical Journal, vol, 20, No. 2). Surely these furnish
adequate theory the origin the ridged structure which serves basis for

summary various previous diseussions the phenomenon was given the
Journal for July, 1905, 91.

ne
not
red
ce

to
the

ire
ries
‘an
tal
s of
Ws-

450 THE MONTHLY RECORD.

the snow-teeth, nieve this case the original formation the

ridges would attributable wind (except steep gullies and slopes where other
causes may efficient), and their subsequent development and conversion into
snow-teeth the the equatorial solar rays.

Investigation inquiry has been set foot the
Zentralkommission fiir Wissenschaftliche Landeskunde Deutschland,’ through
Dr. Braun, Greifswald, with view the collection exact observations
the subject Earth-movements various kinds. Dr. Braun has issued circular
(addressed primarily the German-speaking peoples), which points out the
importance the study Earth-movements (landslips, mud-streams, the slow
movements only noticeable through their results) connection with many
physical geography, and asks for particulars such occurrences (including
newspaper and other cuttings which they are, however briefly, described)
sent him the Geographisches Institut, Greifswald. letter accompanied

GENERAL.

The Oxford School Geography.—The recent development this
and the ever-growing claims upon it, have made it, necessary appeal the
Common University Fund for further financial assistance for the year 1908-9,
This, are glad learn, has been forthcoming the form grant £200,
which will enable the needed additional assistance supplied. connection
with the application, memorandum the Chancellor the University was drawn
up, and this, which has since been printed, gives clear statement the various
activities the school, and the directions which they need expand. shows
that the value the school meeting with wide and that fruitful
field lies before it, not only the supply geographical training teachers and
those about engage public work various kinds, but the promotion
research and the dissemination regarding existing
conditions throughout the world. The report for 1907, which has also been issued,
records steady progress, and note that the number students
the roll showed slightly rising level throughout the three terms, instead
displaying the fluctuations sometimes seen the past. may mentioned that,
besides the diploma the school, certificates are given for proficiency certain
parts the whole examination, and that certificate Regional Geography
recognized the equivalent one the subjects Group for the final school

for the pass B.A. degree. The equipment the school being constantly improved
far means allow.

Jubilee the Geneva Geographical Society celebrates,
during the present year, the fiftieth anniversary its foundation. felt that
the meeting the Eighth International Geographical Congress that city, the
preparations for which the society taking the leading part, will appro-
priate memorial the event; but order not pass over the actual date the
anniversary, was decided commemorate the occasion, more simple manner,
the society’s March 27, which has therefore been devoted this
object.

The Ninth International Geographical particulars
the arrangements for this Congress (see Journal, vol. 30, 337), which
held Geneva from July August are issued the Organizing Committee.
Down the middle February the invitation send delegates had been accepted
the governments eleven countries (nine European countries, the United
States, and Brazil), twelve universities and scientific teaching institutions,

own
Chis
Her
Dr.
Roy
Geo
Fun
mer
pap
the
Cou
pres
Mil
the
Dr.
t

=

OBITUARY, 451

geographical and kindred and eleven other bodies. Our
own Society has appointed its representatives, Major Close, Mr.
Chisholm, and Dr. Scott Oxford University sending Dr.
Herbertson and Prof. and Cambridge University, Mr. Yule Oldham,
Dr. Guillemard, and Dr. Haddon. are also being sent the
Royal Scottish Geographical Society, the Manchester Geographical Society, the
Geographical Association, the Royal Asiatic Society, the Palestine Exploration
Fund, and the Egypt Exploration Fund. The fourteen sections which the
members the Congress will meet are already provided with promises 188
papers and reports. include contributions Sir Clements Markham,
the Region the Andes from Cuzco Tiahuanaco, and recent discoveries
Courses Rivers the Eastward;” Sir John Murray, who has accepted the
presidency the oceanographical section, The Floor the Ocean;” Dr.
Mill, the Relation Rainfall the Configuration the Land;” Captain
Scott, Consideration the Methods Travelling the Antarctic
Continent;” Dr. Herbertson, Natural Divisions the Earth’s Surface and
Dr. Scott Keltie, few words Recent Geographical Progress England.”
Others who are expected take part the Congress include Prof. Davis,
who will preside over the section devoted the teaching geography; Prof.
Henri Cordier, president the section devoted historical geography; Dr.
Count Joachim von Pfeil, Prof. Penck, Mr. Raymond Beazley,
Mr. Bartholomew, Prof. Levasseur, and Prof. Libbey. noteworthy that
the section set apart for the discussion questions relating exploration, all
but three the thirteen papers promised are with the polar regions,
Apart from Captain Scott’s paper, Captain Roald Amundsen give
his projected expedition for the exploration the north Mr. Henryk
Arctowski, paper the physical geography the Antarctic regions and Dr. Jean
Charcot, paper showing the need for the exploration the south
summary the results recent French explorations Africa promised
Baron Hulot, the secretary the Paris Geographical Society. referred some
length last September the scientific excursions which are being planned con-
nection with the their present statement plans the Organizing
Committee point out that should clearly understood that these excursions
are not designed pleasure-trips. Some involve alpine difficulties serious
order, and none should undertaken save those prepared for rough work
mountainous country.

OBITUARY.

Dr. Howitt, C.M.G.

Tue death Dr. Howitt reported having occurred Melbourne
March deceased, who was born 1830, was the elder the two sons the
well-known writers, William and Mary Howitt. Accompanying their parents
visit Australia brothers both took part pioneer work, either
there New Zealand, the elder becoming known some years later the leader
the Victorian Expedition search the missing explorers Burke and Wills,
whose tragic fate was thus the means ascertaining. Settling Victoria,
Howitt held various public posts that colony, and later life paid considerable
attention the study the Australian aborigines, which subject brought

oT
1e
ic
18
_|
0,
ad
by

452 CORRESPONDENCE.

out book only some four years ago under the The Native Tribes South.
East Australia’ (Macmillan,

Captain Conlan.

The Society has lost Fellow thirty years’ standing the person
George Nugent Conlan, Marine Superintendent the Pacific Steam Navigation
Company. Captain Conlan had been the service the company for
years, and his great practical experience sailor was highly valued his
employers. was much interested the study ocean currents, contributed
its furtherance during his many voyages frequently throwing over bottle-
papers, some which were recovered many miles from the spots which
had been dropped. His death occurred Liverpool towards the end last year.

CORRESPONDENCE.

The Mapping Lake Chad.

letter which K.” has addressed the Journal the
subject review Mr. Boyd Alexander’s work (dealing, amongst other things,
with his expedition and survey Lake Chad) does not seem altogether
fair, either the reviewer reviewed. K.’s initials may indicate one who
the fountain-head official geographical information. that so,
has been misled, think, his own facilities into imagining that the general
public (from whose standpoint reviewed Boyd book)
equally well informed the subject the progress Lake Chad exploration
and survey.

sure, not the case. Until Mr. Boyd Alexander read his paper
before the Royal Geographical Society year ago—a paper which the book
and maps question are merely fuller development—I cannot recall any
publication which gave complete and truthful map Lake Chad has
resulted from the surveys Mr. Talbot and the other members the
expedition conducted Mr. Boyd Alexander.

The Intelligence Division England and France, before the publication
the Boyd Alexander expedition surveys, hai doubt realized the actual
geography Lake Chad; but that the French (for whom claims the
principal merit the existing results) have been hurry
the results their researches evident. have before now for review most
interesting work written Auguste Chevalier, Centrale Francaise
Mission Chari-Lac Tchad, The publication date this book
1908; nevertheless, Chevalier and his colleagues still issue map containing
Lake Chad the old design, with the dotted lines round much the margin,
and showing the familiar but now incorrect version the lake—a continuous sheet
water merely studded with islands (their own surveys having been executed
farther south and east).

believe, also, that correct main thesis, which was, that prior the
publication the results the Boyd-Alexander Expedition Lake far
published documents were concerned—was parts entitled dotted outline

only, however precise may have been those surveys portions the shores and

par
we
ant
bet
sol
wa
(i
t

tion
even
his
ttle-
they
ir.

CORRESPONDENCE. 453

afraid that some remarks which have made ‘From the
Niger the Nile,’ regarding determination the size Lake Chad com-
paris with its area shown former maps, have kind reviewer
claim too much for the work our expedition that

When were engaged upon the exploration the lake (December, 1904,
May, 1905), course there was complete map more recent than Barth’s, which
reconstructed, reducing the distance across the north from some miles,
and that across the south from miles. return home (February,
1907), found that the French Geographical Society had published map the year
before, establishing pretty generally these facts, and can only say now that
sorry that have not made this acknowledgment them before, but attention
was engaged the fact that, although the French had more less determined the
size and shape, was report sent home from the Shari and published the
Journal for November, 1905, which first established the separation
the lake into two basins; whereas Major Lenfant’s map, published the end
May, 1904, showed clear waterway between the two parts least miles
wide, that the subsequent division the French the lake into two basins
(though they not far claiming that there communication) was
published year after had placed information the hands our Geographical
Society.

While making this claim for the work the expedition, and
consideration the tone K.’s” letter, think would well state
what other new work was done upon the lake.

There was—

The careful mapping the whole the northern portion the lake lying
between the mouth ‘and Kaddai. This was published the Geographical
Journal for March, 1905.

(b) Fixing latitude the position the mouth, and also two points
tle east coast the lake.

(c) The astronomical determining the position Kaddai.

(d) Five traverses the lake, with the mapping and naming many islands,
and record soundings.

closing, think might pardoned for remarking that when remember
those six months’ work upon the lake that went produce the map recording these
things, not mention the unique collections birds and fish (the latter raising
speculations important geographical interest), and then read K.’s” final
our labours merely some additional routes,” cannot help feeling
that alittle more generosity would have better become the modesty his signature.

ALEXANDER.

‘Life and Voyages Joseph Wiggins, F.R.G.S.’

wish draw attention two three mistakes the review the above
book which appeared the February issue the Geographical Journal.

The writer, M.” (whose identity evident), states, with reference the
first voyage Captain Wiggins, that succeeded raising funds buy and
fit out the steamer Diana.” The captain chartered, fitted, and manned the Diana
entirely his own expense, set forth plainly the book. neither
asked for, nor received, penny towards the expense. drew upon his hard-
earned savings, and was under obligation one.

Further asserted that the was stranded.” This

the
ther
who
eral
een
ook
has
the
ion
ual
the
ost
ect
ted
the

454 MEETINGS ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, SESSION 1907-1908,

not so. The captain took the ship, with British cargo, for about 2000 miles
the Yenesei—a river which had never been surveyed, and which there were
buoys, beacons, other signals—to Yeneseisk without any serious the
following year the Phenix went down the river, charge the captain’s brother,
for the purpose meeting the Labrador Golchika, situated the mouth the
river, and exchanging cargoes with that vessel, the Labrador drawing too much
water risk taking her Yeneseisk. Unfortunately, the Phenix got stranded
the journey, but for few hours only, and she reached Golchika safety.
telegram, greatly exaggerating the accident the sandbank, and giving the
impression that the Phenix was lost, reached the captain Norway, whence
was about proceed with the Labrador Golchika. The English syndicate
once looked for small vessel acccmpany the Labrador and convey her cargo
the river. The vessel despatched the syndicate turned out frail
steamer, much Wiggins’s disappointment. However, the two ships started from
Norway. The little steamer was lost sight gale, and she returned
Vardoe before getting even far Waigatz island. Wiggins spent many days
fruitless search for her. With craft carry his cargo the river, and
believing the lost, and, moreover, with winter approaching, was
useless for him continue the voyage, and therefore sailed homewards. The
the meanwhile, had been waiting Golchika, and before winter set
returned safely Yeneseisk. was clearly from fault Wiggins that this
voyage the Labrador proved failure.

Again, stated the review that “from 1890 1894 Captain Wiggins
was connected with Mr. Popham’s ventures, reaching the Yenesei twice, but again
losing his vessel.” only fairness Captain Wiggins, might have been
stated that the Stjernen was lost under circumstances entirely beyond the control
the most experienced and skilful mariner the world.

afraid that any one reading the review, and having previous know-
ledge the captain, would come the conclusion that the English mariner
considerably overrated his abilities, and lost three vessels the penalty his
rashness, contriving make only one successful voyage—that the Warkworth
the Obi 1878.

quite sure that never entered the mind “C. M.” disparage
the smallest degree the well-earned reputation Captain Wiggins. will not,
therefore, deem the above corrections and explanations superfluous uncalled for.

may take the opportunity noting that, according M.”, the extent
the Kara sea widely differs from that laid down generally accepted authorities.
says, shallow gulf, 320 miles long and 160 miles across.” According
various charts and maps, lies between meridians 58° and 77° E., and parallels
69° and 76° N., making the length the sea about 1000 miles, and the distance
across about 400 miles. Henry

MEETINGS THE ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY,
SESSION 1907-1908.

Meeting, February 24, 1908.—The Right Hon. Sir

GOLDIE, D.C.L., President, the Chair.

Thomas Richard Bayliss, J.P.; Harold Cooke Gutteridge,
Edward Huntington James Douglas Arthur Reid Thomas Douglas

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 455

Scott; John Bensley Thornhill Lionel Truninger, Barrington
Weldon Lancelot Wilkinson.

The paper read was

the Old Kingdom Congo.” the Rev. Thomas Lewis.

DEPARTMENT.

“On Stereo-Photo Surveying,” with demonstration. Lieut. Vivian
Thompson, R.E.
New Distance Finder,” with demonstration. Reeves.

Ninth Meeting, March 1908.—The Right Hon, Sir
K.C.M.G., D.C.L., F.R.S., President, the Chair.

George Adams; Frank Bowden; Frederick Charles Chap-
man; William Erasmus Darwin, M.A.; Captain Charles Robert Hall (Royal
Munster Fusiliers); John Flower Hepworth; Harold Lomas; Rev. William
Soothill.

The paper read was

Exploration Southern Nigeria.” Lieut. Steel,

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

Additions the Library.
EDWARD HEAWOOD, Librarian,

The following abbreviations nouns and the adjectives derived from them are
employed indicate the source articles from other publications. Geographical
names are each case written full

Academy, Academie, Akademie. Mag. Magazine.

Abh. Abhandlungen. Mem. (Mém.) Memoirs, Mémoires.
Ann, Annals, Annales, Annalen. Met.

Bulletin, Bollettino, Boletim. Proceedings.

Com. Commerce. Rev. (Riv.) Review, Revue, Rivista.
C.R. Comptes Rendus. Society, Selskab.

Erdkunde. Sc. Science(s).

Geography, Géographie, Geografia. Sitzb. Sitzungsbericht.

Ges. Gesellschaft. Transactions.

Institute, Institution. Ts. Tijdschrift, Tidskrift.

Journal. Verh. Verhandlungen.

Jahrbuch. Wissenschaft, and compounds.

Mitteilungen. Zap. Zapiski.

account the ambiguity the words octavo, quarto, etc., the size books
the list below denoted the length and breadth the cover inches the nearest
half-inch. The size the Journal

selection the works this list will noticed elsewhere the

EUROPE.
Alps —Phytogeography. Schroeter.
Das Pflanzenleben der Alpen. Eine Schilderung der Hochgebirgsflora yon Dr.

908,
the
her,
the
uch
the
and
set
his
ins
rol
|
|

456 GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

Schroeter. Ziirich: Raustein, 1908. Size pp. xvi. and 808. Maps
and Illustrations. Price
This work, which has appeared parts, now complete. will
reviewed elsewhere.

Talgeschichtliche Studien unteren Von
Franz Ambros Ziindel. With Maps and Sections.

Austria—Silesia. Hanslik.
Petermanns M., 158 (1907): pp. viii. and 116.
Kulturgrenze und Kulturzyklus den polnischen Westbeskiden. Eine
kulturgeographische Untersuchung von Dr, Erwin Maps

trations.

Baltic—Cartography. Riv. Italiana (1907): 449-475.
Alcune osservazioni sulla cartografia medievale del Mar Baltico: Del Prof.
Bellio. Map.

Moryson.
Itinerary, containing His Yeeres Travell through the Twelve Dominions
Germany, Bohmerland, Sweitzerland, Netherland, Denmarke, Poland, Italy,
Turky, France, Scotland, and Ireland. Written Fynes Moryson.
Vols. and Glasgow: MacLehose Sons, 1908. Size pp. (vol.
and 500; (vol. and 522. Plans, and Illustrations. Price 12s. 6d.
net per vol. Presented the Publishers.

The work now complete.

Felice

Basse-Normandie: étude géographie régionale. Par Raoul

Paris: Hachette Cie., 1907. Size pp. 598. and Diagrams.
Price 98. 9d.

France—Paris.

plus ancien plan Paris les dérivés italienes plan Par
Gabriel Marcel. (Extrait Bulletin Société Paris,’ etc.,
tome xxxiv., 1907.) Size pp. 12.

France—Population. Marseille (1907): 5-31.

répartition des centres dépopulation d’infécondité dans France
politaine. Par

France— West. Ann. (1907): Welsch.

Haut Poitou. Par Jules Welsch. With Map.

France—West Coast. Ann. hydrographiques (1907): 247-314. Porte.

Triangulation Brest Loire. Par Porte. With Diagrams.
L’habitation humaine dans Sénonais. Par Paul Privat-Deschanel.

Germany—Pomerania. Deecke.

Geologie yon Pommern. Von Dr. Deecke. Berlin: Gebr. Borntraeger, 1907.

Size 6}, pp. viii. and 302. Maps and Price
sented the Publishers.

guide the evolution the present surface features.

Germany—Schleswig-Holstein. Engelbrecht.

Bodenbau und Viehstand Schleswig-Holstein, nach den der
amtlichen Statistik dargestellt von Th. Engelbrecht. ‘Two parts. Kiel,
1905-1907. Size pp. (part i.) viii. and 308; (part ii.) and

Iceland. Petermanns (1907): 177-188. Schneider.

Beitrige zur physikalischen Geographie Islands. Von Dr. Karl Schneider.
Deals with the physical history the island.

Ges. Berlin (1907): 441-472, 510-538. Braun.

zur Morphologie des Appennin. Von Dr. Gustav Braun.
Sketch-maps, and Sections.

Italy— Meteorology. B.S.G. Italiana (1907): 738-745. Palazzo.

brontidi del bacino bolsenese. Del Prof. Luigi

Ita
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GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 457

B.S.G. Marseille (1907): 32-51.
Sardaigne. Par Paul Gaffarel.

Italy—Vesuvius. Se. Paris 144 1245-1251. Lacroix.
Somma. Par Lacroix.

Mediterranean.
Six weeks and the Passenger” [Thomas London:
Philip Son, [not Size pp. 186. Maps and Illustrations.
Price net. Two copies, presented the Author and Publishers.

Norway. Biedma.
tierra del sol media noche. Por Carlos Maria Biedma. Paris, etc.,
1998 [1907]. Size 54, pp. 74. Maps and Illustrations. Presented the
Author.

Pyrenees, Paris (1907): 163-170. Rabot.

dégradation des Pyrenées forét sur régime des cours
Par Charles Rabot.

Russia— Waterways.
Deutsch. Rundchau (1907): 118-126, 213-223, 309-319, 359-367, 461-465.
Die militarische Bedeutung der Wasserstrassen des Russlands. Aus
dem Ssbornjik” iibersetzt von Oberleutnant Oskar
Muszyuski Arenhort. With

Spain and Portugal. Baedeker.
Spain and Portugal: Handbook for travellers. Karl Baedeker. Third
edition. Leipsic (London: Dulau Co.), 1908. Size pp. xevi. and
Maps and 16s. Presented the Publishers.

Rikli.

Vierteljahrschrift Naturforsch. Ges. Ziirich (1907): 1-155.
Botanische Reisestudien von der spanischen Mittelmeerkiiste, mit besonderer
Beriicksichtigung der Litoralsteppe. Von Rikli.

Calvert.
historical and descriptive account the “City
Albert Calvert. London: John Lane, 1907. Size pp. xxiv. and 170.

The Catalan volcanoes and their rocks. Henry Washington. With Sketch-
map and Illustrations.

Birger.
Die Vegetation einiger 1882-1886 entstandenen schwedischen Inseln. Von Selim
Birger. (Sonderabdruck aus Engler’s Botanischen Jahrbiichern, Band,
1906.) Leipzig. Size pp. 211-232. Map and

See Monthly Record, January, 1908, 101.

Switzerland—Lakes. Ges. Ziirich (1906-07): 105-127. Frih.
Wasserhosen auf Schweiser-Seen. Von Prof. Friih. Size 9x6. With
Also separate copy.

Switzerland—Rhine.

Régime des eaux Suisse. Bassin Rhin depuis ses sources
fédéral. Bern, 1907. Size 10, pp. xviii., 54. Diagrams.

Turkey— Bibliography. Hasluck.
Notes MSS. the British Museum relating Levant geography and travel.
Hasluck. (Reprinted from the Annual the British School Athens,’
No. xii., 1905-06.) Size 74, pp.

Maps Chios and Crete and bird’s-eye view Constantinople are reproduced.
United White.
Memoirs the Geological Survey: and Wales. The the
country around Hungerford and Newbury. White. London, 1907.

United Kingdom—Cambridgeshire.

Gaffarel.

Fordham.

Cambridgeshire Maps. Supplement, and additions and corrections,

No. IV.

1908.

q

458 GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

Fordham, (From the Cambridge Antiquarian Society’s Communications,

United Kingdom—Cornwall. Reid and
Memoirs the Geological Survey: England and Wales. The Geology the
Land’s End district. Clement Reid and Flett. London,

The evolution industrial town. Miss d’E. Leppington.
United Kingdom—England and Wales.
The Itinerary John Leland about the years parts iv. and
With appendix extracts from Leland’s Edited
Toulmin Smith. London: George Bell Sons, 1908. Size x.7, pp. viii

and 192. Map. net. Presented the Publishers.

Notes some coastal features Co. Waterford. IL. Woodstown Passage East.

United Kingdom—Rainfall. Mill.

British Rainfall, 1906. the Distribution Rain space and time over the

British Isles during the year 1906. ... Hugh Robert Mill. London:

Stanford, 1907. Size pp. 100 and 280. Maps and Diagrams. Price 10s.

The work last year was greatly impeded the illness and death
Mill’s principal assistant. The report shows, however, that the operations tle
organization are constantly being extended, and that their public value meeting,
somewhat slowly, with recognition. are special articles the snowstorm
Christmas, 1906, and the effects wind rain-gauges.

United Scottish Mag. (1907): Frew and

The Southern Highlands from Glasgow. John Frew and Frederick Mort.
With Sections.

Leppington.

United Kingdom—Scotland. Wag. (1907): 449-463. Geikie.
Old Scottish Volcanoes. Prof. James

United Kingdom—Scotland. Scottish Mag. (1907): 574-592.
Manuscript maps Pont, the Gordons, and Adair, the Library,

former paper this subject was summarized the Journal, yol. 18, 614.
United Kingdom— Wales. Strahan and others.
Memoirs the Geological Survey: England and Wales. The geology the
South Wales Part vii. The country around Strahan,
Swansea. Strahan. London, 1907. Size pp. (part vii.) viii. and
246 (part viii.) vi. and 170. Maps, Sections, and

ASIA.
Rouire.
Dr. Rouire. rivalité Anglo-Russe Asie. Paris: Colin,
1908. Size pp. viii. and 298. Map. Price fr. 50. the

Publisher.

Ceylon. Corner.
Ceylon, the paradise Adam; the record seven years’ residence the island.
Caroline Corner. London: John Lane, 1908. Size 5}, pp. xxi. and 324.
Price 10s. 6d. net. Presented the Publisher.

China—Kiao-chou. Weicker.

Kiautschou: das deutsche Schutzgebict Ostasien. Von Hans Weicker. Berlin:
1908. Size pp. 240. Plan and Illustrations. Price 8m.

useful outline the geography and economic conditions this German
possession.

Eastern Asia. Weale.
The coming struggle Eastern Asia. Weale. London: Mac-

millan Co., 1908. Size pp. xiv. and 656, Maps and Diagrams. Price 12s.
6d. net. Presented the Publishers.

in:

rman

ic-
28.

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 459

Sainsbury.

calendar the Court Minutes, the East India Company, 1635-1639.
Ethel Bruce Sainsbury; with Introduction and Notes William Foster.
Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1907. Size pp. xxxvi. and Price net.
Presented the India Office.
Miss Sainsbury here continues her father’s valuable ‘Calendars State Papers,
Indics,’ the last instalment which appeared Foster’s introduction
supplies lucid summary the the company during the period question.

India—Trigonometrical Survey.
Account the operations the Great Trigonometrical Survey India, vol. 18.
Astronomical observations for latitude made during the period 1885 1905, and
the deduced the deflections the plumb-line. Prepared under the
directions Lt.-Col. Burrard. Dehra Dun, 1906. Size pp. x., 544.

Reinach.
Reinach. Notes sur Laos. Paris: Vuibert Nony, 1906. Size 64,
pp. the Author.

Malay Archipelago.

Ges. Wien (1905-07): No. pp. xii. and 302.
Handbuch yon Von Dr. Schoeppel.
Maps and

Malay Archipelago—Celebes.

van een tocht uit Todjo naar Mori (Midden-Celebes), terug naar het
(April 11-27, 1906). Door Macngkom. With Mup.

Malay Archipelago—Ceram. Sachse.

50. Presented by the Publisher.

useful summary our knowledge the island.
Malay Archipelago—Java.
Nederlandsch Genoots, (1907): 635-645.
bizonderheden omtrent het Doodendal” Java. Door Jacobson.
Discusses the physical phenomena the Valley Death.”

Schoeppel.

Maengkom.

Jacobson.

Persia. Petermanns (1907): 169-177, 205-214. Stahl.
Beobachtungen Zentral- und Nordwest-Persien. Von Stahl.
With Maps.

Philippine Archipelago. Phillipine (1907): 179-203. Merrill.
The ascent Mount Mindoro. Elmer Merrill.

See February number, 216.

Notes the geology and geography the Bagino mineral district.
Eveland. With Maps «nd

Russian Central Asia. Ges. Berlin (1907): Rickmers.

Die Sari- Duab yon Turkestan. Von Rick-
mers. With Map and

Doughty.

Wanderings Arabia. Charles Doughty. Being abridgment
‘Travels Arabia Deserta,’ arranged with introduction Edward Garnett.
London: Duckworth Co., 1908. Size pp. (vol. xx. and 310;
(vol. and 298. Map, Illustration, and Portrait. Price 16s. net.

Presented
the Publishers.

AFRICA.

Algeria. Wahl.
L’Algérie. Par Maurice Wahl. Cinquitme mise jour par Augustin
Bernard. Varis: 1908. Size pp. iv. and fr.
sented the Publisher.

Pre-

212

lett,
Zt
cy
st.
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the
ry,
nd
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the
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460 GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.
Cape

Mountain Club Annual, [Cape Town] (1907): 20-22.
Notes the flora our mountain summits. Marloth. With Illustrations.
Cape Colony—Relief. American Sc. 185-193.

Marloth.

Schwarz.

Plains Cape Colony. Prof. Schwarz. With Illustrations. Also
separate copy, presented the Author.
Central Africa—Tanganyika. Zoological (1907): Giinther.

Zoological results the Third Tanganyika Expedition, conducted Dr.
Cunnington, 1904-1905. Report Limnoenida Giinther.
With Illustrations.
Limnocnida the much-discussed Tanganyika jelly-fish.
Congo State. Halot.

Vingt-cing aus civilisation Congo. Par Alexandre Halot. Brussels: Falk
Fils, 1908. Size pp. xii. and 86. Presented the Publisher.
Congo State—Ethnology.

Les Bangala (Etat Ind. Congo).
Overbergh.

Sociologie descriptive, par Cyr. van

(Collection monographies ethnographiques, 1.) Brussels:

Wit, 1907. Size 6}, pp. xvi. and 460. Map. Captain
Newcombe, R.E.

East Africa. Jahresber. Ges., (1906-07) 75-104.
Von Schoa zum Stefanisee und den Borangalla.

East Africa—Boundary.

Positions, azimuths, and lengths sides the Anglo-German boundary com-

mission triangulation (1902-1906) from Zanzibar Mount Ruwenzori. London:

Topographical Section the General Staff, 1907. Size Maps.
See note the Journal for July, 1907, 77.

East Africa—Relief. (1907): 478-505. Uhlig.
Der sogennante Grosse Ostafrikanische Graben zwischen Magad und
Laua Mueri (Manyara-See). Von Carl Uhlig. Map and Illustrations.

See February number, 216.

Egypt—Anthropology.
vessels Egypt; or, the earliest handiwork man. Robert

Rustafjaell. London: Macmillan Co., 1907. Size pp. 22. Map and
Illustrations. Price 28. net. Presented the Author.

Describes recent finds the western desert opposite Luxor.
Egypt—Climatology. Keeling.
The climate Abbassia, near Cairo. Keeling. (Egypt: Survey
Department Paper, No. 3.) Cairo, Size pp. Plan and

Diagrams.

Egypt—Geology.

Luchsinger.

Hume.
preliminary report the geology the Eastern desert Egypt between lat.
Egypt—Language.

Thimm.
Egyptian self-taught (Arabic). Captain Third edition, revised
pp. 80. Price 2s. 6d. Presented the Publishers.

French Sudan. G., Paris (1907): 225-235. Desplagnes.
Les sources Bakiy: régions soudanaises. Par Desplagnes.
Sketch-map.

French West Africa. Chevans,

mise valeur Occidentale Par Henry Chevans.
Paris: Alcan, 1907, Size 6}, pp. xii. and 280. fr.
German South-West Africa. Kew (1907): 339-360.

Some notes journey from Walfisch Bay Windhuk. Pearson,
With Map and

Principally concerned with the plant-formations (see March number, 336).

7

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 461

German South-West Africa. Rohrbach.
Deutsche Kolonialwirtschaft. Band. Siidwest-Afrika. Von Dr. Puul Rohrbach.
Buchverlag der 1907. Size pp. viii. and
510. Map and Price 10s.

systematic description the physical geography the territory, followed
sketch the progress made its economic development.

German South-West Africa. Leutwein.
Elf Jahre Deutsch-Siidwestafrika. Von Theodor Leutwein.
Berlin: Mittler 1908. Size pp. and 590. Maps and
Price

Deutsches Kolonialblatt 1088-1092. Striimpell.
Die Erkundung des Faro. (Bericht des Oberleutnants
map.

See March number, 336.
Madagascar. Ann. Hydrographiques (1907): 163-246. Vanssay and others.

Mission hydrographique Madagascar. Rapports MM. Vanssay, Courtier,
Driencourt Cot. With Charts and Diagrams.

Morocco—Coast. Renseign. Col., Com. Afrique 248-257.
Sur ouest Maroc; falaises, dunes, barres. Par Pobeguin. With
Plans and Sections.

Portuguese West Thome.
The Boa Entrada plantations, Thomé, Portuguese West Africa. [By
trations. Presented the Author.

These plantations are claimed striking example Portuguese humanitarian
enterprise her colonies.

Voyages Abalessa Koudia. Motylinski. With Map.

journeys across the Hoggar plateau.

Sahara. G., B.S.G. Paris (1907): Chudeau.
South Africa. Passarge.

Eine Landes., Volks-, und Wirtschaftskunde, von Prof. Dr. Siegfried
Passarge. Leipzig: Quelle Meyer, 1908. Size pp. xii. and 356.
Maps, Diagrams, and Presented the Publishers.

South Africa—Climate. Globus (1907): 133-134. Passarge.
Das Problem der Von Dr. Passarge. With Diagram.
The writer believes both temporary diminution water-supply due varia-

tions rain-fall, and secular desiccation.

South Africa—Kalahari. Passarge.
Die der Kalahari. Von Prof. Dr. Passarge. Berlin: Reimer,
1907. Size 64, pp. 144. Price 3m. Presented the

3s

Publisher.

Sudan, French. Paris (1907): Chudeau.
L’Air région Zinder. Par Chudeau. Map.

Sudan—Language. Harris.

Hausa stories and riddles, with notes the language, and concise Hausa diction-
ary. Hermann Harris. Size pp. xvi. 112, and 34. concise
Hausa dictionary. First edition, 1908. the same. Size 44, pp. 34.
Weston-super-Mare, 1908. Prices and 2s.

few extra copies have been received for distribution.

Togo. Globus (1907) 245-250, 265-269. Smend,
Kine Reise durch die Nordostecke Togo. Von

Tristan Cunha.
Tristan Cunha. Further correspondence relating the island Tristan
Cunha. London: Wyman Sons, 84, pp. iv. and 64.

Refers the suggested removal the inhabitants, the the ship Greyhound,
the decision the people remain.

r.
|
|
is.
n.

462 GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

Uganda.—Geology.
Roceati. Nell’ Uganda nella catena del Ruwenzori. Relazione preliminare
sulle osservazioni geologiche fatte durante spedizione Duca
Abruzzi nell’ anno (Estratto della
Italiana, vol. (1907), Fase. Roma, 1907.

West Africa.
Paris: Masson Cic., 1908. Size pp. xii. and 256. Map and
tions. Presented the Publishers.

Account the operations for the delimitation the frontier between the Gold and
coasts, with notes the country and people.

Size pp. 127-158.

NORTH AMERICA.

Canada—Tides. Dawson.

Variation the leading features the tide different Bell
Dawson. from the the Royal Astronomical Society Canada,
1907.) Toronto, 1907. Size pp.

Mexico—Lower California. American G.S. 544-554. North.
The uncharted sierra San Pedro Arthur Walbridge North. Mup.

Mexico—Popocatepetl and Appulachia 197-211.
map and

Mexico—Tehuantepec. Ges. Berlin (1907): 321-333, 361-373.
Der Isthmus yon Tehuantepec. Von Gustay Zahn.

United States—Blue Ridge Mountains. Franklin 161-175. Waddell
Southern Appalachian streams. Charles Waddell. With Illustrations.

United States—California. Alpina Americana, No. (1907): pp. 16. Conte.

The high Sierra California. Prof. Joseph Conte. With Map and

United States—Climatology. Henry.
Climatology the United States. Prof. Alfred Judson (U.S. Weather

Bureau, Bulletin Q.) Washington, 1906. Size 114 pp.
sented the U.S. Weather Bureau.

United States—Connecticut. American (1907): 513-544. Genthe.

Valley towns Connecticut. Martha Krug Genthe. and
Diagrams.

United States—East Coast.

Zahn.
Map, Plans, and

midsummer journey through the coastal plain the Carolinas and Virginia.
Roland Harper. (From the Bulletin the Torrey Botanical Club, vol. 34,

Especial attention paid the plant-formations.

United States—Michigan. Jefferson

Lateral erosion some Michigan rivers. Mark (From the

Bulletin the Geological Society America, vol. 18.) New York, 1907.

See March number,

United U.S. Grol. Surv., (1907): pp. 218. Ball
geologic reconnaissance south-western Nevada and eastern California.
Sidney With Maps, Illustrations, and Sections.

United Philadelphia (1907): 1-60.

Surface
Geography Virginia. Surface. Map.

CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA.
Central America.

Pector.
Les richesses Guatemala, Honduras, Salvador, Nicaragua,
Costa-Rica. Par Désiré Paris: Guilmoto, [not dated, 1908
pp. and 364. Map. Price 7.50 fr. Presented the Author.

s0n

tor.

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 463

Panama—Canal. Section K.A.W. Amsterdam 849-875. Lely.
Velocities the current inanopen Lely. Mup,
and

Dr. Lely that the velocity the current due tide open canal
would obstruction navigation.

Peru. Walle.
Pérou économique. Par Paul Walle. Paris: dated,
sented by the Publisher.

South America—Population. Jefferson.
The distribution people South America. Prof. Mark Jefferson.
from Bulletin the Society Philadelphia, July, Size

Vonezuela—Cartography. Jahn.
Militar Republica. Par Alfredo Caracas, 1907. pp. 18.

Venezuela— Ethnology. Tavera-Acosta.
Sur (dialectos indigenas Venezuela). Por Ciudad-

AUSTRALASIA AND PACIFIC ISLANDS.

New Guinea—Dutch. Wichmann.
Nova Guinea. Résultats l’expedition scientifique néerlandaise Nouvelle-
Guinée 1903, sous les auspices Arthur Wichmann. Vol. Ethnography
and Anthropology, Van der Sande. Leyden: late Brill,
Size 10, pp. 390. Map and Price or, subseribers
the whole series, fl. Purchased.

Pacific—German Possessions. Parkinson.
Dreissig Jahre der Siidsee: Land und Leute, Sitten und Bis-
und auf den Salomoinseln. Von Parkinson. Heraus-
gegeben von Dr. Ankermann. Strecker Size
64, pp. xxii. and 876. Maps and
the Publishers. reviewed.

South Australia—Northern Territory. Searcy.
Australian Tropics. Alfred Searcy. London: Paul 1907. Size

Western Australia—Geology. Maitland.

Recent advances the knowledge the geology Western
sidential address section the Australian Association, January 1907.)
Gibb Maitland.

POLAR REGIONS,

Antarctic—Scottish Expedition.
Scottish National Expedition. Report the results the
the S.Y. during the years 1902, 1903, and 1904, under the
Schree, and Sir George Darwin. Edinburgh: Scottish
Laboratory, 1907. Size 10, pp. vi. and and

Spitsbergen. G., B.S.G. Paris Isachsen.
découverte Spitsberg par les Normands. Par Isachsen.

MATHEMATICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Cartography—Projections. Duchesne.
Les projections cartographiques. Par Ch. Duchesne. Brussels,

ati.

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BSE

and

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GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL GEOGRAPHY.
Geological History. Arldt.
Die Entwickelung der Kontinente und ihrer Lebewelt. Ein Beitrag zur ver-
gleichenden Erdgeschichte. Von Dr. Theodor Arldt. Leipzig: Engelmann,
1907. Size pp. xx. and 730. Maps. Price 20m. Presented the Publisher.

[To reviewed.

Geomorphology—Erosion. G., B.S.G. Paris (1907):
chaudron latéral: forme par les eaux Par
Ernest Fleury. Diagrams and Illustrations.

Geophysics. Clark,
The polarity matter: introduction showing that electricity,
magnetism, chemical affinity, cohesion, and gravitation have one common origin.
Alex. Clark. London: Gall Inglis, Size pp. viii. and 134.
Diagrams. Price 3s. 6d. the Publishers.

attempt prove that the ultimate particles matter pull each other their
extremities, like magnets, and not their centres.”

Geophysics. Geophysik (1907): 41-77. Schwey dar.
Ein Beitrag zur Bestimmung der der Erde. Von
Schweydar.

Geophysics. Hecker.
Beobachtungen Horizontalpendeln die Deformation des unter
dem von Sonne und Mond. Von Hecker. des
Preussischen Institutes, Neue Folge, No. 32.) Berlin, 1907. Size
pp. iv. and 96. Illustration and Diagrams.

Geophysics. Quarterly Geol. (1907): 344-350. Oldham.

The constitution the Interior the Earth, revealed Earthquakes. (Second

communication.) Some new light the origin the Oceans. Richard Dixon
Oldham. separate copy.

See note the Monthly Record for December, 1907, 666.

Geophysics. M.V.E. Dresden 58-75.
Ein Gestaltungsprinzip der Erde. Von Paul Reibisch.
Hydrology.

Hoyt and Grover.
River discharge, prepared for the use engineers and students John Hoyt
and Nathan Grover. New York (London: Chapman Hall),
pp. 138. Diagrams and Illustrations. Price 6d.

useful guide methods observation, etc.

Ice. and T.R.S. Canada (1906): Sect. 65-109. Barnes,
Anchor-ice formation from the standpoint the radiation theory, together
some carly memoirs ground-ice. Dr. Howard Barnes.

Kumatology. Cornish.
surface waves produced sledges. Dr. Vaughan Cornish. (From Pro-
ceedings Dorset Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club, vol. 28, 1907.)

Observations wave-forms quarry road Coniston.

Kumatology. Cornish.
Progressive and stationary waves rivers. Dr. Vaughan Cornish.
from Engineering.) (London, 1907.) Size 74, pp. 16. Illustrations.

The progressive waves were discussed Dr. Cornish the Journal for

January, 1907.

Meteorology—tTropics. Hann.
Der tagliche Gang der Temperatur der Tropenzone. Das indische

und australische Tropengebiet. Von Julius Hann. Wien, 1907. Size
pp. the Author.

Oceanography—Baltic.

Finnlandische Untersuchungen, No, Hydrogra-
phische Untersuchungen Teile der Ostsee, Bottnischen und
Finnischen Meerbusen, den Jahren 1898-1904. (Leipzig:

|
464
d
Ter
Vol
Lui
His
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P
His

GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH. 465

Engelmann), 1907. Size 94, pp. and 144.
Publisher.
Oceanography—North Sea. Wind and others.
Section Amsterdam (1906): 566-573.
Current measurements various depths the North Sea. Prof. Wind,
Lieut. Dalhuisen, and Dr. Ringer. With
Oceanography—Salinity. Knudsen.
Conseil Explor. Mer Publications Circonstance, No. pp. 10.

Salzgehaltbestimmungen des als Hilfsmittel bei Positions-
bestimmungen Bord. Von Martin Knudsen. With Map.

Physical Geography. Dryer.

Lessons physical geography. Charles Dryer. New York. (London:
Philip Son), [not dated, 1907]. Size pp. 430 and xxxii. Maps,
Sections, Illustrations, Price net. Presented the Publishers.

reprint (with few slight modifications and the addition pp. supple-
mentary matter) Prof. Dryer’s excellent text-book, reviewed the Journal, vol. 19,
629.

Birger.
Ueber den des Meerwassers auf die Keimfahigkeit der Samen. Von Selim
Birger. (Sonderabdruck aus den Beiheften zum Botanischen Centralblatt,” Bd.
(1907): Heft 3.) Dresden. Size pp. 263-280.

Phytogeography—Plant-dispersal. Birger.
Ueber endozoische Samenverbreitung durch Von Selim Birger. (Saertryck
Botanist 1907, Bd. I.) Stockholm, 1907. Size
pp. 32.

Seismology.

Price 8m. Presented the

J.T. Victoria (1907): 43-60. Upham.

The San Francisco and Valparaiso earthquakes and their causes. Warren
Upham. Map.

Seismology.

Oddone.
Publications Bureau Central Internationale Sismologie,
Série Les tremblements terre ressentis pendant 1904.
Oddone. Strassburg, 1907. Size 7}, pp. xii. and 362.
through Major Darwin.

Terrestrial Magnetism. National Mag. (1907): 601-611. Bauer.

The work the Pacific Ocean the magnetic survey yacht Gulilee.
Illustrations. Also separate copy.

See note the December number, 664, ante, 448.

Voleanoes. globe Géneve (1907): 1-16.
voleanisme. Par Albert Brun.

Emilio
Presented the

ANTHROPOGEOGRAPHY AND HISTORICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Economic Geography. American (1907): 472-481. Smith.

geography and its relation economic theory and higher education.
Russell Smith.

Historical—Early Map. Italiana, iv. (1907): 1114-1121. Crino.

Notizia sopra una Carta Navigare Visconte Maggiolo che conserva nella
Biblioteca Federicano Fano. Del Prof. Sebastiano Crino. Map.

hitherto undescribed chart Maggiolo, formerly the possession
Luigi Masetti (see January number, 110).

Atlanti carte nautiche del secolo XIV. XVII. conservati nella biblioteca
nell’ archivio Parma. Note Mario Longhena. Size 64,
pp. 46.

The most important item the famous Pizigani map 1367.

Problematical features maps designed and Desceliers.

The writer recurs the strange idea (first put forward him some years ago) that

McClymont.
James

|
or

466 GEOGRAPHICAL LITERATURE THE MONTH.

the unknown South-land maps misplaced, and reversed, representation
South America.

Statistics.
Statistique annuelle géographie 1907. Par Jean Birot.
Size pp. 32.

Deals with the population, industries, and commerce the the world,
with especial reference France.

BIOGRAPHY.

Bacon. Bacon.
The record aéronaut: being the Life John Bacon. his daughter,
Gertrude Bacon. London: John Long, 1907. Size pp.
and Price net. Presented the Publisher.

Grey.
Sir George Grey, pioneer Empire Southern lands. Geo.
London: Dent Co., 1907. Size 6}, pp. xxiv. and 316. Maps and
Price 12s. 6d.

Hudson. Bacon.
Hudson; his times and his voyages. Edgar Mayhew Bacon. New
York London: Putnam’s Sons, 1907. Size pp. and
Fuaesimile Maps and IUustrations. Price 6s.

The author supplies readable account Hudson’s career, treated that
man energy and action. makes claim throw light doubtful di-puted
points relating the geographical discoveries.

Macartney.

Our first ambassador China. account the life George, Earl
ney, with extracts from his letters, and the narrative his experiences
told himself (1737-1806). Helen Robbins. London: John Murray,
1908. Size pp. xx. and 480. and Presented the
Publishers. Price net.

Tippu Tib. Brode.
Tippo Tib: the story his career Central Africa. Narrated from his own
accounts Dr. Heinrich Brode; with preface Sir Charles Eliot. London:
net.

Translation the German original.

GENERAL.

Bibliography. Gribaudi.
Inventario dei manoscritti geografici della Biblioteea Palatina Parma.
Prof. Pietro Parma, 1907. Size 54, pp. 24.

Disease—Sleeping Sickness.
Miscellaneous, No. Proceedings the First International Conference
the Sleeping Sickness, held London June, London,

Educational. Emerson and Moore.

Geography through the manual (pp. 152) and Student’s
stereoscopic guide (pp. xxii. and Philip Emerson and William
Charles Moore. New York, ete.: Underwood Underwood,

Deals with method teaching which seems capable

Educational—Cartography. Rothaug.
Die Grundprinzipien der Wiener Schule der Neueren
Vortrag von Joh. Georg Rothaug. (Separatabdruck a.d. 30. Jahrgang
Jahrbuches.) Vienna: Freytag Berndt, 1908. Size
pp. the Publishers.

Europe and Africa—Historical. Marshall.
Presented the Publishers.

Written with view teaching geography means historical associations

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NEW MAPS. 467

Geography. Scottish May. 337-346. Fowler.
Address the Australasian Association for the Advancement Science,
Deals with the recent progress and particular urges the importance
investigation, the Australian Commonwealth, the Indian Ocean
the west and south-west Australia.

Photography. Wellcome.
Wellcome’s exposure and diary, 1908. Londoa, Bur-
Prevented by the l’ublishers.

the new features this edition are tables for calculating exposures

The World Grosvenor.
from every lavd: collection 250 illustrations from the National
Magazine, picturing the people, natural phenomena, and animal life
all parts the world. Edited Gilbert Grosvenor. Washington, D.C.,
the National Geographic Society.

NEW

EUROPE.

Austria. Adrian, and Rothaug.
Karte der Bezirke Stadt und Land Salzburg und Hallein. von
Adrian und Karte der Umgebung von Klagenfurt. Scale
Presented the Publisher.

These are two specimens the stereoscopic system colour-tinting for represent-
ing relief, which was referred the Geographical Journal for June last (p. 680).
Superimposed upon the usual vertical hachuring, somewhat lightly printed, serics
order the spectrum, ranging from dull which the low-
lying lands indicated, through pale yellowish-green and yelluw, red-brown,
and culminating vivid brownish-red. ‘The summits, being nearer the eye—
Which is, course, supposed vertically over the map—stand out prominently,
appear nearer, while the lowlands, which are farthest from the being
adull blue-green, appear recede into the that
painting which used for the foreground give the effect
nearness, and for the distance. any fault can with this
colouring exhibited these maps. that the blue-green too green,
and that the distinction between this tint and the next too abrupt. There appears
too great contrast between the lowlying lands and the medium heights.
England and Wales. Ordnance Survey.

Sheets published by the Director-General of the Ordnance Surv y, Southampton,

from February 29,

Largé -sheet st ries, printed in colours, folded Ih Cover or flat in shies ts, 13.
1d, 18, 36. l’rice, on peper, Ix. Gd. mounted on line 28. mounted in sections,
28 6d. cach.

In outline, 98, 142, 155, 294. 1s. each (engraved).

With hills in brown or black, 1 42,277. 1s. each (engraved).

2s. Gd. each.

Maps

1891 Survey), 102 s.w., 109 N.w., 114

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468 NEW MAPS.

N.w., N.W., N.E., 8.E., 8.w., N.W., N.E., N.W., N.E., 8.W.,
Yorkshire (First Revision 1891 Survey), 247 s.w., 248
250 262 1s. each.
25-inch—County Maps

16. Kent (Second Revision), XIL. 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,
each. Lancashire (First Revision 1891 Survey), Pembrokeshire
(First Revision), XIV. 14; 7,(8 and 12), 10, 11,
(12 and 8), 16; XXXVIL. and 2,6,7). Yorkshire (First Revision
1891 Survey), CCXIV. 12, 15, 16. 11, 12, 13, 14;
CCXX. 11, 12, 13, 15, 16; 4,6; COXXXIV. 10, 15,
each.

(E. Stanford, London Agent.)
England and Wales. Geological Survey,
New Series, printed colours. Solid edition. Sheet 22, Plymouth, Excter,
Lyme Regis, ete. Price 2s. 6d.
6-inch—Maps—Uncoloured
Stanford, London Agent.)

Sheets: Rodosto, Xanthi. Vienna: Institut,
[1907].

Uebersichtskarte von Mittel-Europa. Scale 1:750,000 inch stat.
miles. Sheet J-7, Bucuresti (Bukarest). Vienna:
Institut, [1908].

Europe—Central. Militargeographisches Institut, Vienna.
Hypsometrische Uebersichtskarte yon Mittel-Europa. inch
stat. miles. Sheet J-7, Bucuresti Vienna: Militar-
geographisches Institut,

France. Ministre Paris.
Carte France par ordre Ministre Seale 100,000
Limoges; Brive; Aubigny; xviii. 33, St. Affrique;
xx.-21, xx.-32, Alais; xxiv.-19, Rioz;
Pontarlier. New Editions. Paris: Ministtre Service
Vicinal, 1907. Price 0.80 fr. each sheet.

Italy. Sauer.
Strade Ferrate Italiane esercizio, costruzione progetto con
colori delle diverse Province tutte stazioni. Compilata Federico
Scale inch 13°6 stat. miles. Four sheets. Bologna:
Barigazzi,

Italy—Rome. Instituto Cartografico Italiano.
Pianta Roma redatta quella pubblicata per Comune Roma dall’ Istituto
Cartografico Italiano. 1908, riveduta corretta. Scale
inches stat. mile. Rome: Scotti Co.,

ASIA.
China—Mongolia. Obrutschew.

Uebersichtskarte der Gebirge Djair, Urkaschar, Kodjur und Ssemisstai der

Exp

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NEW MAPS.

469

chinesischen Nach den Aufnahmen yon Ussow, Mitglied der

Expedition, 1906, personlichen und russischen Karten entworfen
Mitteilungen, 1908, Tafel Justus Perthes, 1908.
Presented the Publisher.

India.
India: Political Divisions Railways and Canals: Density Population In-
Agriculture Forest Lands under Government Control Minerals
Annual Rainfall and Temperature. Scale 5,900,000 inch stat.
the Publisher.

series clearly drawn maps India, printed colours, and arranged that
Only few important names are given.
Frontier.
North-Western Scale 63,36
Topographical Section, General Staff, War
the Director Military Operations.

Topographical Section, General Staff.

Survey Department, Cairo,
Topographical map Fayum Province. Scale inches stat.
mile. Sheets: 8-3; 17-8, 18-7, 18-8, 19-6, 19-7, 19-8, 20-1, 20-3, 20-4,
20-5, 20-6, 20-7, 21-6, 21-9, 21-10, 22-3, Topographical
map Qaliubia Province, Scale 10,000 inches stat. Sheets
NE. 6-3, 8-3, Topographical map Aswan Province. Scale
inches stat. mile. Sheet Cairo:

Survey Department, 1907. Pre-
the Director-General, Survey Department,
—Cairo,

Plan Caire base documents officiels par Huber. Scale

administrative Offices, consulates

other public buildings and institutions,

East Africa, Sprigade and

Karte von Deutsch-Ostafrika. Bearbeitet von Sprigade und Moisel. Scale
inch stat. miles. Sheet Cl, Berlin: Dietrich

Reimer (Ernst Vohsen), 1906.

Presented the Publisher.
Coast.

Map the Gold Coast. Published

the authority Sir John Rodger,

Director Surveys, Gold Scale

Prampram. Edinburgh and London

each sheet. Presented Major

Director Surveys, Gold Coast.

AMERICA.

Topographical map the State Paulo. Scale 100,000 inch 1-5

1907. Presented the Geographical and Geological Commission the
State Sao Paulo.

Two additional sheets the map Paulo, reviewed the Geographical Journal
December last. with the other sheets,

contour-lines are shown brown
metres, and water blue. These are prelimi

nary issues only.
appearance the sheets resemble those the Geologi

Topographical

uvey, and like these, will form the basis upon which the geological features will

Sectional map Canada. Scale 1:1
264, Brazeau, revised Nov. 25, 1907

Department the Interior, Ottawa.
90,080 inch stat. miles. Sheets:
266, Ribstone Creek, revised

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6,
9
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470 NEW MAPS.

1907; 416, Biche, revised Nov. 15, 1907. Ottawa: Department the In-
terior, Topographical Surveys Branch, 1907. Presented the Director, Department

the Interior, Ottawa.

Chile. Oficina Limites,

miles. Santiago: Oficina Limites, 1905.

Chile. Oficina Limites, Santiago,

Oficina Limites, 1908.

South America. Mackinder
new orographical map South America, compiled under the
London: Edward Stanford, 1904. Price the Publisher.

This addition the excellent series orographically coloured wall now
being published Mr. Stanford, under the direction Mr. Mackinder, The
land relief and ocean depths are clearly indicated colour tinting and contours, the
former being well shown shades brown only, and not different colours, und
latter blue. Under the brown tinting the general form the mountain ranges
lightly indicated vertical hachures. The land and the figures indicat-
ing heights are shown blue well those the water, which seems rather
mistake, blue naturally suggests water. Names are lightly printed grey,
that the general effect the relief not spoiled, often the case such
maps.

GENERAL.

German Colonies. Sprigade and Moisel
Deutscher Kolonialatlas. Bearbeitet von Paul Sprigade und Max
trich Reimer (Ernst Presented the Publisher.

This the northern good general map Togo, which will
two sheets the German Colonial Atlas. ‘The map bas been compiled from
route traverses explorers, adjusted the more exact surveys the com-
missions. complete place-names accompanics the sheet.

World. Harmsworth.
Harmsworth Atlas and Gazetteer. Parts and 36. Lerdon: The Amalgamated
Press, Limited, [1908]. Price 7d. each part.

These parts contain collection maps and diagrams the world’s commerce.
World.

Romer
Romer. Atlas Lemberg and Warsaw, 1908.

Considering the price, about 1s. 6d., this little Polish physical and political
creditable production. The maps, which there are ten sheets, are well drawn,
and ocean depths. Perhaps better selection tints could have been made
the land, and certainly the glaringly bright red the greatest heights
been avoided, and some tint closen more character with the others. Inset
showing political divisions, are given smaller scales each shect. Although
the maps are carefully drawn that has been possible show

World.
Johr. Georg wiener Schul-Globus. Kleine Nort
Presented the Publisher.

The special feature this little school-globe the arrangement for showing
seasons and the lengths the day and night all latitudes for different times the
year. This accomplished enclosing half the globe movable
painted black. Slots are cut this the polar regions, through which the metal axis
the globe can pass, and which allow the cover moved the plane the
cover can clamped the brass meridian any position may desired, aud
show the duration daylight any special season. Although this

]

2

2s

NEW MAPS. 471

has decidedly new features, somewhat similar designs are not uncommon, but, owing
their elaborate and complicated nature, such devices often tend confuse rather
than instruct. However, great point favour this globe the simplicity its
fact, apart from the special case, hemispherical envelope, referred
height, held semicircular brass meridian, through the extremities which
the metal axis about which the globe revolves. The land relief the globe
isshown the stereoscopic system colour tinting.

CHARTS,

Admiralty Charts. Hydrographic Department, Admiralty.

Charts and Plans published the Hydrographic Department, Admiralty, during
January, 1908. Presented the Hydrographer, Admiralty.

New Chart.
No. Inches.
Chart Cancelled.
No.

328 North American lakes: Port Collier.

that have received Important Corrections.

Index charts:—A.to No. 3346, Germany :—Jade and Weser rivers. 2842a,
Baltic sea:—Western sheet. Baltic sheet. 2826, Gulf
Finland :—Approaches Viborg. 3479, Gulf leading
Viborg. 2279, Gulf Finland Petersburg bay. 2215, Gulf Finland
Kronstadt, north and south channels. 2239, Gulf Finland :—The bay and city
St. Petersburg. 2059, North Atlantic ocean. 2058, North Atlantic route chart
showing variation curves. 2666, North America, east John’s Halifax.
2670, North America, east coast Halitax the Delaware. 2456, United States,
east coast Nantucket sound and western approaches. 2892, United states, east
coast :—Narragansett bay. 2479, United States, east coast:—Black Rock and
Bridgeport harbours. 2471, United States, east coast:—New London harbour.
2857, United States, east coast :—Potomac river. 456, Jamaica:—Port Royal and
Kingston harbour. 1098, Gulf Matacumbe cay Boca Grande
1499, sound Kadiak island. 3313, Alaska:—Yakutat
bay, Controller bay. 1500, island Seguam island.
Gulf Aden :—Ras Galwéni Ras Haftin. 2722, Siam:—Koh kut Bay
island. 2725, Tron and channels leading anchorages off Kamput.

Canton river:—Sheet 2400, China, east bar and approaches

the river Min. 166, China, east coast:—Pagoda anchorage and
China, north coast:—Hai yung tau, including Thornton haven.
Duroch Linden point. 2432, Manchuria:—Tumen Ula
Indian Ocean and Red Sea. Meteorological Office.
Monthly meteorological chart the Indian Ocean north 15° lat. and Red

Sea, March, 1908. London: Meteorological Office, 1908. Price 6d.
North Atlantic. U.8. Office.
Pilot chart the North Atlantic Ocean, March, 1908. Washington: U.S.

Hydrographic Office, 1908. Presented the U.S. Hydrographic

North Atlantic and Mediterranean. Meteorological Office.
Monthly meteorological chart the North Atlantic and Mediterranean, March,
London: Meteorological Office, 1908. Price 6d. each. Presented the
North Pacific. Hydrographic Office.
aud

ngement

Pilot chart the North Pacific Ocean, Washington: Hydro-
graphic Office, 1908. Presented the U.S.

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472 NEW MAPS.

Angola.
Forty-two photographs Northern Angola, taken Rev. Thomas
sented Rev. Thomas Lewis.

Many these photographs were shown lantern slides when the Rev. Lewis
read his paper this Society February last. They were taken during his
extensive travels Northern Angola, during which districts practically
before were visited. The following are the

(1) Kibokolo; and B.M.S., (4) Garden B.M.S., Kibokolo; (5)
Mr. Lewis’ bungalow, (6) Interior school decorated for Christmas feast,
B.M.S., Kibokolo; (7) Dispensary Kibokolo; (8) The Portuguese Government
House, San Salvador (9) Catholic Church, San Salvador; (10) Mission House,
San Salvador; (11) Waterfall San Salvador; (12) Mr. Pimmock and group
carriers, Zombo; (13) Zombo waif; (14) Zombo natives; (15) Group Zombo
(16) station pet; (17) Tiger lily; (18) Upper Nkisi river; (19) View
showing bracken; (20) Juvenile group; (21) Graves the kings Kongo; (22)
the Mbidizi river; (23) Educated native’s house; (24) Hammock travelling; (25)
Temporary buildinge, B.M.S., Mabaya; (26 and 27) Noki; (28) Noki,
steamer; (29) Mbidizi, above the confluence with the Lufunde river; (30) View
Lufunde river; (31) Old church used warehouse (32) View
(33) Houses Mbamba; (34) School chapel, Kibokolo; (35) Buying native food,
Kibokolo; (36) Fording the Mbidizi river; (37) step civilization; (88) Mules
Zombo; (39) trading establishment, Makela Zombo; (40) guardian fetish;
(41) Fetish

Bolivia and Peru.
Seventy photographs Bolivia and Peru, taken Major Fawcett,

These form valuable addition the Society’s collection. They were taken
during the last two years Major Fawcett whilst travelling eastern parts
Bolivia and the upper waters the Amazon, connection with his duties boundary
surveyor for the Bolivian Government. Many the views are unique, and
decidedly geographical interest.

(1) Batelon the Cachuela Riberon, Rio Madeira; (2) View country the
Lima-Oroyo (3) Bridge Lima-Oroyo railway; (4) Mollendo; and
Country near Arequipa; (7) (8) Street (9-11) Views Lake
(12-14) Paz; (15) The Alto Planicie; (16) Ruins Tiahuanaco; (17)
Street (18) View from Sorata; (19) View Illampu and
from Sorata village; (20) Street Sorata; (21) Clouds sunrise the
Tola Pampa; (22) Arrieros the Mapiri trail; (23) Picking rubber; (24) Curing
rubber; (25) San Antonio baracca near Mapiri; (26) View Mapiri; (27) Callapos
Mapiri; (28) the Mapiri (29) Callapos the Mapiri river; (30) View
Beni above Rurenabaque (31) Retama rapid the Mapiri; (32) Going
Mapiri river; (33 and 34) the Beni above Rurenabaque; (35) (36)
Porvenir (37) Group (38) The Tahuamanu Porvenir, looking west (39)
The Aquery Bahia, looking east; (40) View (41) Officials Bahia (42)
Bahia, looking west (43) Compound Government building, (44)
house, (45) Last baracca the Aquery, Yorongas; (46) the upper Aquery,
Cascada Aviapas; (47) Camp, upper Aquery; (48) Cascada Montes, upper
(49) the upper (50) Poso Fosiles, Yaverija; (51) Xapury;
(52 and 53) Gavion; (54) Campo Central; (55 and 56) Forest near Campo Central;
(57) Brazilian children Gavion; (58) the road Campo Central; (59)
(60) Building Santa Rosa; (61) Santa Rosa; (62) Colonel Placedo
Castro, first and last president the Acre; (63) Camp the Abuna; (64) Brazilian
rubber packers the Abuna; (65) Interior rubber centio; (66) rubber centio;
(67) Cachuela Riberon, Rio (68-70) Pulling batelon across land pasta
rapid, Rio Madeira.

N.B.—It would greatly add the value the collection
graphs which has been established the Map Room, all the Fellows
the Society who have taken photographs during their travels, would
forward copies them the Map Curator, whom they will
acknowledged. Should the donor have purchased the photographs,
will useful for reference the name the photographer and his
address are

|

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22141

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GARHWAL HIMALAYA.
LONGSTAFF.

EOGRAPHICAL JOURNAL

| A Sou M I RK Secale 1.6000,000 or Linch 947 Stat Miles |
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and from photographs

based upon

the trigonometrical points the Survey India.

Seale L: 250000 or Linch Stat Miles

Haghtis dtermmed by Longstolt, by boiling

and aneroid.are shown thus
Route in 1905 shawn thus
1907

Hevghts tn feet

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